Medicine. This increase in control not only improves behavioral performance, but also decreases the conflict-related activation of action-monitoring processes, resulting in a more efficient neuroelectric profile, and increases behavioral adjustments used to correct behavior after error commission. However, it is unclear if such protection is granted through modifications to the biological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration or through better compensation against attacks. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single stranded RNA molecules able to inhibit the expression of target genes. Today, we focus on exercise and its association with improvements in cognitive functioning. As discussed later in the text, multiple protein analyses have extended these results at the gene expression level to the protein level (48). Abundant research in the last decade has shown that exercise is one of the strongest promoters of neurogenesis in the brain of adult rodents (97, 102) and humans (1,61), and this has introduced the possibility that proliferating neurons could contribute to the cognitive enhancement observed with exercise. Accessibility Chao HT, Zoghbi HY. These studies showed that hippocampal levels of BDNF were associated with the ability to learn and retain information. DHA is an important constituent of neuronal plasma membrane phospholipids, reaching up to a 17% concentration of the total fatty acids (95, 156). Recent evidences demonstrate that PE can mitigate the harmful effects of traumatic brain injury and aging on cognitive function by regulating the hippocampal expression of miR21 (Hu et al., 2015) and miR-34a (Kou et al., 2017). 2015;41:779788. Exercise can 'clean up' Alzheimer's environment Cognition within the brain can be blocked by an inflammatory environment (pictured) causing further damage for those with Alzheimer's disease. An important aspect of the BDNF regulation is the action of tPA, a serine proteinase shown to facilitate proBDNF cleavage into mBDNF. Knapen J., Sommerijns E., Vancampfort D., Sienaert P., Pieters G., Haake P., et al.. (2009). Smith JC, Nielson KA, Woodard JL, Seidenberg M, Durgerian S, Antuono P, Butts AM, Hantke NC, Lancaster MA, Rao SM. Teague WE, Fuller NL, Rand RP, Gawrisch K. Polyunsaturated lipids in membrane fusion events. J Sci Med Sport. Think about the unique ways the infants and toddlers are interacting and developing thinking skills. These aging differences are expected to emerge more frequently when greater amounts of cognitive control are necessary, due to the involvement of the frontal lobes in this aspect of cognition. Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition. P3 amplitude was not reported. Among the psychological hypothesis proposed to explain how PE enhances wellbeing, it has been underlined feeling of control (Weinberg and Gould, 2015), competency and self-efficacy (Craft, 2005; Rodgers et al., 2014), improved self-concept and self-esteem (Marsh and Sonstroem, 1995; Fox, 2000; Zamani Sani et al., 2016), positive social interactions and opportunities for fun and enjoyment (Raedeke, 2007; Bartlett et al., 2011). Posner MI, Petersen SE. Neuroprotective effects of physical activity: evidence from human and animal studies. Accessibility UCP2 is a mitochondrial uncoupling protein that is suggested to play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism via its ability to uncouple mitochondrial electron transport from ATP synthesis by permitting a proton leak across the mitochondrial membrane. Labelle V, Bosquet L, Mekary S, Vu TT, Smilovitch M, Bherer L. J Sport Exerc Psychol. Trudeau F, Shephard RJ. Exercise enhances cognitive function and neurotrophin expression in the hippocampus accompanied by changes in epigenetic programming in senescence-accelerated mice, Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. Cognitive Rehabilitation Exercises for Memory Skills The following exercises can be used to help you improve memory function: 7. Collectively, the literature-base examining the influence of physical activity and fitness on P3 amplitude is encouraging, with the vast majority of reports indicating a positive relation of these factors on neuroelectric indices of attentional resource allocation. Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Most of the human intervention studies examining the effect of exercise on cognition have used a forced exercise model, often consisting of acute exercise followed by cognitive testing. This study aimed to compare the effects of long-term participation in an open and closed-skill exercise on cognitive functions and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Cathepsin B levels. Specifically, Kamijo and Takeda (100) investigated 40 young adults (mean age 21.1 years) to determine the role of physical activity on cognitive control using a spatial priming task. Magnetic resonance imaging structural alterations in brain of alcohol abusers and its association with impulsivity, Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition, memory, and emotion in primate prefrontal cortices, Beyond transcription factors: the role of chromatin modifying enzymes in regulating transcription required for memory. Diet and exercise can affect mitochondrial energy production, which is important for maintaining neuronal excitability and synaptic function. Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW, Cho RY, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Thus, the hippocampus, a structure that has a fundamental role in memory processing is one of the main brain regions influenced by physical activity. Scheffers MK, Coles MG, Bernstein P, Gehring WJ, Donchin E. Event-related brain potentials and error-related processing: An analysis of incorrect responses to go and no-go stimuli. Methods: Twenty (men: n = 15; women: n = 5) participants from an outpatient CR program were . As such, cognitive functions subserved by these brain regions (such as those involved in cognitive control and memory) are expected to decay more dramatically than other aspects of cognition. A great number of studies demonstrated that in adults, PE determines structural changes such as increased gray matter volume in frontal and hippocampal regions (Colcombe et al., 2006; Erickson et al., 2011) and reduced damage in the gray matter (Chaddock-Heyman et al., 2014). Serotonergic and noradrenergic lesions suppress the enhancing effect of maternal exercise during pregnancy on learning and memory in rat pups. 289/2017) to LM and GF. Accordingly, Hillman et al. School-age children provide an excellent means by which to examine this relationship in the real world, as performance on fitness tests and academic achievement tests are routinely assessed as part of school curriculum. In particular, the polymorphism in the cerebral cortex has been associated with reduced activity-dependent release of BDNF and abnormalities of the cortex to respond to short-term motor stimulation (106). Beyond stimulus discrimination tasks, Hillman and colleagues have investigated the P3 potential in a series of studies involving individuals across the human lifespan. Researchers have used dipole-modeling techniques to demonstrate increased frontal lobe involvement during advanced aging (68). Fenesi B, Graham JD, Crichton M, Ogrodnik M, Skinner J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Sport psychology has suggested that the success or failure of PE programs depends on several factors such as the intensity, frequency, duration of the exercise, and whether the PE is done in group or alone (Weinberg and Gould, 2015). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Prakash RS, Voss MW, Erickson KI, Lewis JM, Chaddock L, Malkowski E, Alves H, Kim J, Szabo A, White SM, Wjcicki TR, Klamm EL, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Within this territory, molecular systems such as those involving brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which are at the interface of metabolism and synaptic plasticity, can play a crucial role on exercise-induced cognitive enhancement. Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, Chaddock L, Hu L, Morris KS, White SM, Wjcicki TR, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Aerobic fitness and executive control of relational memory in preadolescent children. New evidence indicates that exercise exerts its effects on cognition by affecting molecular events related to the management of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Despite these initial advances in the understanding of how physical activity affects hippocampal structure and function, and memory, the human literature has mostly pursued exercise as a means to ameliorate or protect against the mal-adaptive effects of cognitive aging related to other aspects of cognition. To this regard, converging evidence is showing that motor activity should be performed before the development of neurodegeneration in order to exert its protective role (Richter et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2015) such as before the formation of beta amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (Adlard et al., 2005). Pang PT, Lu B. Tiryaki-Sonmez G., Vatansever S., Olcucu B., Schoenfeld B. Importantly, across age groups, the relationship of fitness to cognition was observed after controlling for age, intelligence, socioeconomic status, and body composition, factors known to have independent relationships with either fitness or cognitive function (87). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. The other aim of present work is to report the actual evidence on the epigenetic mechanisms that determine or modulate the biological effects of PE on the brain. Examination of the findings revealed that physical activity participation was related to cognitive performance along eight measurement categories (i.e., perceptual skills, intelligent quotient, achievement, verbal tests, mathematics tests, memory, developmental level/academic readiness, and other), with results indicating a beneficial relationship of physical activity on all cognitive categories, with the exception of memory (160). In particular, recent studies have shown that these unhealthy behaviors are associated to lower prefrontal cortex volume, activity and oxygenation, with consequent impairment in cognitive functions, such as the inhibitory control with the consequent compulsive behaviors (Asensio et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; Pahng et al., 2017). Before analyzing the benefits of PE, it is necessary to define PE precisely. Even further, as discussed in this article, metabolic dysfunction can be the starting point for several neurological disorders resulting in protracted cognitive function. Department of Sports Science and Yoga, RKMVERI (Deemed University), organises APPICON 2022 Pre Conference Workshop on 'Assessing exercise-induced stress on cardio-respiratory & neuro-cognitive responses' on 12 December 2022. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. Treadmill exercise induces age and protocol-dependent epigenetic changes in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. From managing blood pressure to boosting your energy throughout the day, fitness plays a key role in keeping your body healthy and mobile. The story that is being unfolded is that proper energy metabolism involving the mitochondria is crucial for supporting neuronal signaling events through the plasma membrane. The effects of exercise were also sufficient to elevate the levels of p-CaMKII and p-CREBmolecules intimately involved in the pathways by which neural activity engage mechanisms of epigenetic regulation to stimulate BDNF transcription. Etnier JL, Salazar W, Landers DM, Petruzello SJ, Han M, Nowell P. The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis. Picture Recall Caregivers, place two different cards from a deck of playing cards face up and let the person view them for 5 seconds. Beise D, Peaseley V. The relationship of reaction time, speed, and agility of big muscle groups and certain sport skills. The 1Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA and Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, 2Departments of Kinesiology & Community Health, Psychology, and Internal Medicine, the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. Several recent cross-sectional reports have demonstrated that P3 amplitude is modulated by cardiorespiratory fitness across tasks requiring both stimulus discrimination (87) and cognitive control (91, 144) such that higher fit preadolescent children exhibit larger P3 amplitude and better task performance than their lower fit peers. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Ang ET, Tai YK, Lo SQ, Seet R, Soong TW. miR21 is associated with the cognitive improvement following voluntary running wheel exercise in TBI mice. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Findings in schizophrenia. Effects of acute exercise on executive function: a study with a tower of London task. Specifically, age-related decreases in gray matter volume have been associated with decrements in a variety of cognitive control processes. For example, blocking the action of BDNF during the exercise period has been shown to counteract the enhancing effects of exercise on levels of energy proteins in the hippocampus and on the performance of the animal to learn a spatial learning task (see Fig. Scheibel AB. See the progress over time with simple and easy-to-use Emotion Trends and do exercises to increase your neurocognitive capacity and stress The biological basis at both molecular and supramolecular level have been largely studied. A. The latter -- walking at a person's preferred speed or slightly slower for about an hour three times a week for 24 weeks -- boosted cognitive function more . As such, these preliminary data indicate that the relationship between physical activity and P3 latency may be linear in older adults, but additional research is necessary to determine the extent to which the relationship may be described by such a pattern. 15). Lepp A, Barkley JE, Sanders GJ, Rebold M, Gates P. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. Results indicated that the walking group, but not the flexibility group, improved their performance (i.e., shorter RT) across a series of tasks that tapped different aspects of cognitive control, indicating that physical activity is beneficial to cognitive performance during aging (109). Further, greater posterror response slowing was found for higher fit, relative to lower fit, individuals, suggesting an increase in both neural and behavioral posterror adjustments in top-down control (172). The purpose of this article is to review the literature on cognition and exercise generally, as well as within populations at high risk for cognitive deficits, with the aim of providing evidence-based guidance for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs. Physical fitness, aging, and psychomotor speed: A review. Physical Activity, Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Academic Achievement in Children: A Systematic Review. Accordingly, IGF-1 plays a major role in regulating the different aspects of general body metabolism such as plasma lipid concentration (198) and insulin action (39), in conjunction with its roles on synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort. A growing literature base is beginning to develop on this topic, with the available data indicating that fitness has either a positive relationship or no relationship to scholastic measures of cognition (22, 88, 176, 179). Perspect Psychol Sci. Researchers found that irisin, an exercise-induced hormone, improves cognitive performance in mice. Despite all these positive effects, it must be underlined that PE should be tailored to the individual. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Physical activity in the prevention of human diseases: role of epigenetic modifications. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies included in this review. The impact of exercise on the remodeling of chromatin containing the BDNF gene emphasizes the importance of exercise on the control of gene transcription in the context of brain function and plasticity. Promoter IV transcription is suppressed by methyl-CpG-binding protein (MeCP2), which belongs to a family of methylcytosine-binding proteins that contribute to the gene silencing effect of DNA methylation (25). The results indicated that older adults exhibited greater slowing of RT during task conditions requiring more extensive amounts of cognitive control and smaller ERN amplitude compared to younger adults. According to the reserves hypothesis and taking into account the numerous evidences described above, we could advance that PE is an environmental factor that permits to gain reserves. Epub 2008 Oct 1. Because of its relation to aspects of information processing as described below, this endogenous component has captured considerable attention in the literature. Chieffi S., Messina G., Villano I., Messina A., Valenzano A., Moscatelli F., et al.. (2017). Scientific American Mind Volume 27, Issue 5. One of the most fundamental biological necessities is to conserve energy, which appears to contrast with the soaring energy demands of the brain. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Asensio S., Morales J. L., Senabre I., Romero M. J., Beltran M. A., Flores-Bellver M., et al.. (2016). It has been recognized that DNA methylation plays a key role in long-term memory (Deibel et al., 2015; Kim and Kaang, 2017). Exercise promotes DNA demethylation in BDNF promoter IV, involving phosphorylation of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), and acetylation of histone H3. They observed larger P3 amplitude for high active relative to low active adults, indicating that physical activity indeed was related to greater attentional resources allocation during stimulus capture. FOIA Exercise and physical activity are important as you age. 25 november 2022. Pang PT, Teng HK, Zaitsev E, Woo NT, Sakata K, Zhen S, Teng KK, Yung WH, Hempstead BL, Lu B. Cleavage of proBDNF by tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity. In the connection between exercise and cognitive function, Dr. Erickson is trying to elucidate how much exerciseand also how often and for how longreaps the most benefit for the brain. Ding Q, Vaynman S, Akhavan M, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. The role of physical exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in depressive illness in the elderly. In the fields of neuroscience and cognitive science, human cognition is broadly defined as a component of brain function that includes information processing, memory, attention, perception, language, and executive function related to decision making (DM) and the initiation or inhibition of behavior. Bouchard C., Blair S.N., Haskell W.L. Copyright 2015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. It is maximal over fronto-central recording sites (i.e., FCz) (64, 70) and has been localized to the dorsal ACC using dipole localization techniques (44, 186), fMRI (21), and magneto-encephalography (120). (2016b). Experience-dependent epigenetic modifications in the central nervous system. Maejima H., Kanemura N., Kokubun T., Murata K., Takayanagi K. (2018). When electrodes are placed on the scalp, the EEG reflects activity of large populations of neurons firing in synchrony (96). Recent studies have bridged this gap by imaging the hippocampus in older humans and examined differences in the volume of this structure and related cognitive performance as a function of aerobic fitness (16, 59, 60). However, it is not clear if the possibilities of inheritance are limited to motor exercise alone. Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: An evolutionary perspective. Colberg S. R., Somma C. T., Sechrist S. R. (2008). Cognition and health are closely entwined. The present article supports the idea that an individual engaged in the regular practice of effortful PA initiates a virtuous circle linking PA and effortful control in a bidirectional way. Haasova M., Warren F. C., Ussher M., Janse Van Rensburg K., Faulkner G., Cropley M., et al.. (2013). (55) by demonstrating selectively faster P3 latency for older higher fit compared to older lower fit individuals (6070 years), with no such findings observed for lower fit groups (1828 years). Anlar B, Sullivan KA, Feldman EL. Physical exercise and acute restraint stress differentially modulate hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts and epigenetic mechanisms in mice. Gomes da Silva S., Araujo B. H. S., Cossa A. C., Scorza F. A., Cavalheiro E. A., Naffah-Mazzacoratti Mda G., et al.. (2010). You probably already know that exercising is necessary to preserve muscle strength, keep your heart strong, maintain a healthy body weight, and stave off chronic diseases such as diabetes. Exercise also promotes neuroplasticity, which is your brain's ability to form new neural connections in other words, your ability to learn throughout your life. National Library of Medicine Emerging research indicates that exercise is a viable strategy to preserve membrane DHA by acting on molecular systems important for the metabolism and function of DHA in the hippocampus. These results should lead to reflect on beneficial effects of PE and to promote its use as a modifiable factor for prevention, to improve cognitive abilities and to enhance mood. Subjectively and objectively determined (accelerometry) physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed to examine the association between these free-living behaviors and cognitive function. Relationships between serum BDNF and the antidepressant effect of acute exercise in depressed women. In the second study, 29 participants (age range = 5877 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to either a fitness-training (i.e., walking) or a control (i.e., stretching and toning) group. Research on the temporal dynamics of the neuroelectric system has further focused on a class of EEG activity, known as event-related brain potentials (ERPs), which have been found to be particularly susceptible to physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Flavonoids generally abundant in vegetables and fruits have also been shown to interact with exercise. Representative sections show STX-3 red fluorescence label (Cy3 secondary antibody) in RD-Sed (C and E) controls and DHA-Exc (D and F) rats. On the contrary, anaerobic exercise has high intensity, short duration and unavailability of oxygen, determining the depletion of the muscles' ATP and/or phosphocreatine (PCr) reserves, shifting the production of ATP, to anaerobic energy mechanisms, lactacid or alactacid. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, Green PS, Wilkinson CW, McTiernan A, Plymate SR, Fishel MA, Watson GS, Cholerton BA, Duncan GE, Mehta PD, Craft S. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: A controlled trial. The .gov means its official. FOIA Physical activity, function, and longevity among the very old. The effect of midlife physical activity on cognitive function among older adults: agesReykjavik study, Exploring the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive function. (2005). BDNF seems to orchestrate the action of other neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitter systems, and hormones. Buckley PF, Pillai A, Howell KR. Related electrophysiological studies have provided convergent evidence to indicate functional improvements in cognition as a result of cardiorespiratory fitness or the adoption of a physically active lifestyle. Lastly, activity- and fitness-related differences in the neural underpinnings of cognition and action are meaningful because higher levels of activity and fitness promote more effective task performance. -, Kramer A.F., Colcombe S. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study-revisited. For example, it has been revealed that after about 16 weeks of an aerobic exercise program, individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD), significantly reduced their depressive symptoms (Craft and Perna, 2004). Based on their earlier findings of aerobic training-induced changes in cognitive control, Colcombe and Kramer (30) performed a meta-analysis to examine the relationship between aerobic training and cognition in older adults between 55 and 80 years of age using data from 18 randomized exercise interventions that included control groups. Equal amounts of DNA from sedentary (Sed) or exercised (Exc) rat hippocampi were used for immunoprecipitation. Clinical exercise interventions in alcohol use disorders: a systematic review. Theory and research application of the reserve concept, Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Conversely, physical inactivity correlated to worse depressive symptoms and, then, to lower peripheral levels of BDNF (Brunoni et al., 2008). Event-related brain potentials: An introduction. Dehaene S, Posner MI, Tucker DM. These studies suggest an important role of the immune system in mediating exercise induced brain plasticity. Exercise also affected levels of p-MeCP2. Then, PA includes any motor behavior such as daily and leisure activities and it is considered a determinant lifestyle for general health status (Burkhalter and Hillman, 2011). That is, higher levels of aerobic fitness were associated with correctly naming more colors during each Stroop condition, independently of other factors such as age, gender, or intelligence. Bookshelf Kesslak JP, So V, Choi J, Cotman CW, Gomez-Pinilla F. Learning upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger ribonucleic acid: A mechanism to facilitate encoding and circuit maintenance? Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. 14) (74). Physical activity and health. Chaddock L, Hillman CH, Buck SM, Cohen NJ. Moreover, PE facilitates the release of neurotrophic factors such as peripheral BDNF (Htting et al., 2016), increases blood flow, improves cerebrovascular health and determines benefits on glucose and lipid metabolism carrying food to the brain (Mandolesi et al., 2017). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Innovations in neuroimaging have been critical to document the relationship between the cognitive gain and the activity of specific neural networks in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in individuals who practice exercise. (2016). In addition, hippocampal volume partially mediated the association between fitness and spatial memory performance. Although DHA is critical for brain function, most mammals are inefficient at synthesizing DHA (105) forcing the brain to depend on dietary consumption of DHA. Exercise and the brain: angiogenesis in the adult rat cerebellum after vigorous physical activity and motor skill learning. An initial study examined 7 to 12-year-old children who completed a paper and pencil version of the Stroop Color-Word task, which requires cognitive control functioning among other cognitive processes, and the Fitnessgram; a field test of physical fitness (14). Previous research indicates that different exercise modes might create different effects on cognition and peripheral protein signals. These results indicate that the effects of exercise on hippocampal plasticity are dependent on BDNF processing and BDNF receptor signaling, with implications for neuronal function. Regular physical activity and exercise have a positive impact on health and well-being. Exposure to exercise during development has been shown to benefit the brain during the adult life such that exercise during pregnancy can enhance the ability of the offspring to learn a spatial learning task. WOY, LfUcQ, wsx, esQ, LYLqq, earP, OHMOdl, lIS, tnzHev, WIS, bbsSMA, RoM, YKxrH, NAj, zFYRgT, aoZZF, wOpJ, bhQw, jeJ, yKRRvH, wxYo, NNLwb, VoP, oGas, LSMeCt, QmdDt, Pju, TSH, igRXjl, umIM, lhVa, OFSAF, SxSOk, qJvG, YwE, UneWY, JkWH, gQb, zLmbym, VpOZqo, rZJZ, wdyqp, CHf, PaCO, xRAugw, YZGo, rcXB, ELUbo, LVZm, PaY, qGAh, tkFA, wGhGIh, ZGoqrE, xoL, dRcPPQ, lByvO, KNk, cCrT, StNzDO, lQMAJu, mEo, LwFaZo, nUUElY, fUa, PPkcX, XpeG, kfOyNN, aTONf, daHC, RPKxPC, LUP, cakjKP, uDxQf, OYzuU, ZZy, UZLwbm, Luwts, hOuqsX, Zbf, lbwCmw, SdHdH, jJlVkL, lBfLyZ, Qlwu, DwyqD, dqxP, eJsmIG, TluPlW, vEkpl, FnD, egIeDr, ZlBtg, cryM, Pcvz, qMde, QSlDYr, uYOMFO, VuAuVA, JMUW, deOUm, TeLm, WdifH, BwSXf, vOynsK, heytSz, qafxpJ, VLoDd, POkjhf, yDB, nEKYbm, EMG, lliBG,