[281] 2.4 million immigrants from non-EU countries entered the EU in 2017. Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas. The Government annually spends around 350 million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644mi) network of railway tracks. [185] Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and broke up into separate nations, and many other nations had their borders redrawn. There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Slavs, Avars, Bulgars and, later on, the Vikings, Pechenegs, Cumans and Magyars. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi (The Seven Brothers), Minna Canth (Anna Liisa), Eino Leino (Helkavirsi), and Juhani Aho (The Railroad and Juha). In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin, recognized independence on 4 January 1918. On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and, on 30 November, Finland, the latter of which was followed by the devastating Winter War for the Red Army. [168] This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and the UK. The Livonian Crusade was ongoing and the Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other. [55] The first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was established by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe in 1640.[56][57]. ", "Bones reveal Neanderthal child was eaten by a giant bird", "Neanderthals Died Out 10,000 Years Earlier Than Thought, With Help From Modern Humans", My work digging up the shelters of our ancestors, "The genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia", "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population", "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", "When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved", Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orlans, "Epidemics of the Past: Bubonic Plague Infoplease.com", "Black Death blamed on man, not rats | UK news | The Observer", Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding, "European History/Religious Wars in Europe - Wikibooks, open books for an open world", Scientific Revolution: Chronological Timeline: Copernicus to Newton. Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe. [83], During the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of change arising from what historians call the "Age of Migrations". Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented eastwest and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model. [58] The earliest sites in Europe dated 48,000 years ago are Riparo Mochi (Italy), Geissenklsterle (Germany) and Isturitz (France). Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world.[348]. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. The land area is given in km2, and the density in inhabitants per km2 (land area). Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts. Encyclopdia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. Cyprus is closest to Anatolia (or Asia Minor), but is considered part of Europe politically and it is a member state of the EU. Lapland is so far north that the aurora borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. [270][271] The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population[269] in 2017, has no religious affiliation. The Marin Cabinet is the incumbent 76th government of Finland. Two of them have the inscription finlonti (U 582) and the third has the inscription finlandi (G 319) and dates back to the 13th century. The Mariner's mirror, Volumes 7677. [214] Particular hot spots after the Second World War were Berlin and Trieste, whereby the Free Territory of Trieste, founded in 1947 with the UN, was dissolved in 1954 and 1975, respectively. Finland contains 40 national parks (such as the Koli National Park in North Karelia), from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europe's limits to the east and north-east are usually taken to be the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Caspian Sea; to the south-east, the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was one of several regions where wealth surpassed its precrisis year-end peak. [87] Over the next centuries Muslim forces took Cyprus, Malta, Crete, Sicily and parts of southern Italy. [275] According to some sources,[276] this rate is higher among Muslims in Europe. [178] Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%. The most popular fish food in Finland is salmon,[358] and the country is globally well known for its salmon soup (lohikeitto). Another one of the most significant and internationally best-known Finnish-born classical composers long before Sibelius was Bernhard Crusell. [27], Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass, hence Iceland is considered to be part of Europe, while the nearby island of Greenland is usually assigned to North America, although politically belonging to Denmark. [229] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities (or with the exception of Cape Verde and probably So Tom and Prncipe, depending on context), but there are significant minorities, such as the White South Africans in South Africa. Australia and New Zealand have large European-derived populations. [46] In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Sea, along the eastern foot of Ural Mountains, then following the Ural River until the Mugodzhar Hills, and then the Emba River; and KumaManych Depression,[47] thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe. [255] The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century,[256] and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. The artefacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia, and Norway. [212] In 2017, there were 15.2million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7million overnight stays of foreign tourists. [139] France, the Netherlands and England soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas and Asia. However, this did not come without criticism. However, in the hope of preserving Finland's independence, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the Social Democratic Party. [144] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding. In the World Rally Championship, Finland has produced eight world champions more than any other country who have a total of 15 titles between them. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within several multi-seat constituencies through the most open list multi-member districts. Web2023 Outlook Survey: Ad Spend, Opportunities, and Strategies for Growth. [228] Between 2004 and 2013, more Central European countries began joining, expanding the EU to 28 European countries and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power. Finland was first inhabited around 9000BC after the Last Glacial Period. [98] The primary source of culture in this period came from the Roman Catholic Church. "Finland's foreign policy idea" ("Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea"). [183], Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution, which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union,[184] leading also to the independence of many former Russian governorates, such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as new European countries. [97], The Papacy reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages. In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. [99] In Europe itself, the Church organised the Inquisition against heretics. [207], In Finland, collective labour agreements are universally valid. The states which retained a free-market system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the Marshall Plan. [93] The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. [118] From the 12th to the 15th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Moscow grew from a small principality under Mongol rule to the largest state in Europe, overthrowing the Mongols in 1480, and eventually becoming the Tsardom of Russia. Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselk ridges that run across southern Finland. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe. In 1981, President Urho Kekkonen's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years. [146] The plunder of the empires of the Americas allowed Spain to finance religious persecution in Europe for over a century. The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of [324] Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor, instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier. The President is directly elected via runoff voting for a maximum of two consecutive 6-year terms. Alenius, Kari. For the year 2009 update: According to the Finnish Population Registry Centre and the Finnish Sami parliament, the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003. [156] Finland has been an active participant in the Afghanistan and Kosovo wars. []. The country also received its first ever female Prime minister Anneli Jtteenmki in 2003, although she had to resign after only ten weeks holding the position due to the Iraq leak. During this period giant megalithic monuments, such as the Megalithic Temples of Malta and Stonehenge, were constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe. The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts and the Supreme Administrative Court. Europe makes up the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass. Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear, grey wolf, wolverine, and elk. However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberals and their predecessors from 1906 to 1980; and the rise of the Green League since 1983. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, with several theme parks, such as Santa Claus Village and Santa Park in Rovaniemi. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most commonly used among Europeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls between most of its member states, and some non-member states. [201] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. [78] Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages". It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. In the exercise of his or her foreign and defense powers, the President is required to consult the Finnish Government, but the Government's advice is not binding. [268] As a result, measures were taken, especially for Greece, by the leading countries of the Eurozone. Among Protestants, the most popular are historically state-supported European denominations such as Lutheranism, Anglicanism and the Reformed faith. [129], The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry. Structural change in Europes geo-economy." Pespallo, the Finnish equivalent of American baseball, is the national sport of Finland,[368][369] although the most popular sport in terms of spectators is ice hockey. [260] The majority of Central and Eastern European states came under the control of the Soviet Union and thus were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON).[261]. [86] Soviet forces began to make progress in February and reached Vyborg in March. Prior to the adoption of the current convention that includes mountain divides, the border between Europe and Asia had been redefined several times since its first conception in classical antiquity, but always as a series of rivers, seas and straits that were believed to extend an unknown distance east and north from the Mediterranean Sea without the inclusion of any mountain ranges. During the Dark Ages, the Western Roman Empire fell under the control of various tribes. Finnish resistance to the VyborgPetrozavodsk offensive in the summer of 1944 led to a standstill, and the two sides reached an armistice. [279] According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves "highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious". Both world wars took place for the most part in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and the United States took prominence. [18] An alternative view is that of Robert Beekes, who has argued in favour of a Pre-Indo-European origin for the name, explaining that a derivation from eurus would yield a different toponym than Europa. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about 1cm (0.4in) a year. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanization. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the ease of doing business index, among 190 jurisdictions. [97] A struggle for influence between the nobility and the monarchy in England led to the writing of the Magna Carta and the establishment of a parliament. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age. The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May. The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). [238] Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union, retain the right of return, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship. Gerald Mako, "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18, 2011, 199223. [106] On 12 May, Finland's president and prime minister called for NATO membership "without delay". Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) In: Die Presse 16 August 2018. [54] Neanderthal man (named after the Neandertal valley in Germany) appeared in Europe 150,000 years ago (115,000 years ago it is found already in the territory of present-day Poland[55]) and disappeared from the fossil record about 40,000 years ago,[56] with their final refuge being the Iberian Peninsula. [370] At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Finland won the gold medal the first time, going undefeated and beating Russia in the final. Some crime types are above average, notably the high homicide rate for Western Europe. Elizabeth Cook talks to Rep. Anna Eshoo about how Speaker Nancy Pelosi's decision not to pursue a Democratic leadership position in the new Congress (11-17-2022) Nov 17 07:42 Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves, castoreum, and falcons to European courts. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland became part of the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, during which Finnish art flourished and the idea of independence began to take hold. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Other notable world-famous Finnish painters include Magnus Enckell, Pekka Halonen, Eero Jrnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Hugo Simberg. West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s. Romance languages are spoken primarily in Western and Southern Europe, as well as in Switzerland in Central Europe and Romania and Moldova in Eastern Europe. [304] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and bo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyvskyl, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University. [257] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami. [336], One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956, five years after its limited release in the United States;[337][338] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;[339] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Hr in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production. The conditions for growth are very favourable. The two centuries that followed are known as the pax romana, a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity and political stability in most of Europe. [233] In the largest cities of Finland, Tampere holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring Vantaa is the fourth. The climate is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party, and the Social Democrats. [289] The largest religion in Europe is Christianity, with 76.2% of Europeans considering themselves Christians,[291] including Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and various Protestant denominations. [143] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1492, ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule in the south-western peninsula. [53], In the 16th century, a bishop and Lutheran Reformer Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish, of which the first work, Abckiria, was published in 1543;[54] and Finland's current capital city, Helsinki, was founded by King Gustav Vasa in 1555. [333], In the film industry, notable directors include brothers Mika and Aki Kaurismki, Dome Karukoski, Antti Jokinen, Jalmari Helander, Mauritz Stiller, Edvin Laine, Teuvo Tulio, Spede Pasanen, and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin. [333][334][335] Both of the aforementioned are now lost films. Tatar is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly during Russian rule from the 1870s to the 1920s. WebEurope is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Various turnips were common in traditional cooking, but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century. The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki. Further south, the first South Slavic states emerged in the late 7th and 8th century and adopted Christianity: the First Bulgarian Empire, the Serbian Principality (later Kingdom and Empire) and the Duchy of Croatia (later Kingdom of Croatia). It subsequently lost parts of its territory, but maintained its independence. [272] The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[273]. Europe is a large peninsula[10] conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. [30] Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts, Europe, Asia and Libya (Africa), with the Nile and the Phasis forming their boundariesthough he also states that some considered the River Don, rather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europe and Asia. European ancestry predominates in North America and to a lesser degree in South America (particularly in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Brazil, while most of the other Latin American countries also have a considerable population of European origins). [22], Most major world languages use words derived from Eurp or Europa to refer to the continent. [62] The Corded Ware cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic. Helsinki opened the world's northernmost metro system in 1982. [121] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch, and others are plentiful. [124], The plague had a devastating effect on Europe's social structure; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1353). [174] The unemployment rate was 6.8% in 2022. Europe's remaining eleven monarchies[247] are constitutional. As a liberal nationalist with a legal background, Sthlberg anchored the state in liberal democracy, supported the rule of law, and embarked on internal reforms. According to the Finnish Floorball Federation, floorball is the most popular school, youth, club, and workplace sport. Subregions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Routledge, 2010. [292], Historically, Europe has been the centre and "cradle of Christian civilization". It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and Asia to the east. Sprengtporten fell out with the king and resigned his commission in 1777. [313][314], The Finns' love for saunas is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle (i.e. Areas with little more than a unique tax status, such as the Canary Islands and Heligoland, are also not included for this reason. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia from 1809 to 1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and a state church separate from Sweden, later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, was established. [36] The area that is now Finland was settled in, at the latest, around 8,500 BC during the Stone Age towards the end of the last glacial period. Similarly "old domestic language" is a category applied to some languages and not others for political, not linguistic reasons, for example, Russian. [139][140] The cabinet consists of a coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party, the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance, and the Swedish People's Party. Famous war heroes of the aforementioned wars include Simo Hyh,[88][89] Aarne Juutilainen,[90] and Lauri Trni.[91]. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council. During the late 1960s and '70s, Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. [38] The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the Carolingian Renaissance: Europa often[dubious discuss] figures in the letters of Charlemagne's court scholar, Alcuin. [285] Treatment for depression has improved and as a result the historically high suicide rates have declined to 13 per 100 000 in 2017, closer to the North European average. Elisabeth Eide & Kaarina Nikunen: Media in Motion: Cultural Complexity and Migration in the Nordic Region (Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations). [210][211][212] Several post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20million people. [347] One of Finland's most internationally successful TV shows are the backpacking travel documentary series Madventures and the reality TV show The Dudesons. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution. [127], The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Florence, and later spreading to the rest of Europe. World War II prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Vin Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential, and European Union elections. (2017), p 59; Jacob Franks "The Blu Banana - the True Heart of Europe" In: Big Think Edge, 31 December 2014; Zacharias Zacharakis: Chinas Anker in Europa in: Die Zeit 8. Historically, special examples with overlapping cultures are Strasbourg with Latin (Romance) and Germanic or Trieste with Latin, Slavic and Germanic roots. In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments, such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds and megalithic tombs. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain and at its heart lies the North German Plain. [303] The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrolments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%. Juha Suoranta & Hanna Lehtimki: Children in the Information Society: The Case of Finland (New Literacies and Digital Epistemologies). All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. Spain and Portugal, the greatest naval powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union (EU), a separate political entity that lies between a confederation and a federation. Thomas E. Woods and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, DC: Regnery History, single federation encompassing much of the continent, Boundaries between the continents of Earth Asia and Europe, states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia, England tried unsuccessfully to invade Spain, bombing offensive against the United Kingdom, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, Area and population of European countries, common geographical or political definitions of Europe, autonomous territories of the Kingdom of Denmark, List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal), List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP), Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, List of European cities by population within city limits, Stndiger Ausschuss fr geographische Namen, List of sovereign states by date of formation, Names of European cities in different languages, List of urban areas in the European Union, Financial and social rankings of European countries, List of European countries by GDP (nominal), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100", "The European uniona federation or a confederation? During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War, when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and land during the so-called land War. [93] The new jobs in manufacturing, services, and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. [87] Finnish forces occupied East Karelia from 1941 to 1944. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture. [236], In general, Europe is not just colder towards the north compared to the south, but it also gets colder from the west towards the east. "[128], The Seven Years' War brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe. Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and even beyond. Morris, Terence Alan (1998). In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food, drink, or in various recipes. The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the First World War in 1919, was harsh towards Germany, upon whom it placed full responsibility for the war and imposed heavy sanctions. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. [146] Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy. A citizen of Finland that speaks bilingually Finnish and Swedish will often be registered as a Finnish-only speaker in this system. [264][bettersourceneeded], Figures released by Eurostat in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into recession in 2008. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. This description is simplified. The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Education Board. Until 1990, the European Community was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. [93] When baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs quickly enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970. Josef Wasmayer "Wetter- und Meereskunde der Adria" (1976), pp 5. [291] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,[292][293][294] as well as ranking as the happiest country in 2018.[295]. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. [71] By 200 BCE, Rome had conquered Italy and over the following two centuries it conquered Greece and Hispania (Spain and Portugal), the North African coast, much of the Middle East, Gaul (France and Belgium) and Britannia (England and Wales). The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, common chaffinch, and redwing. The gross domestic product peaked in 2008. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time, and the cutting down of the preagricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea and the waterways of the Turkish Straits.[12]. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including the tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. [68] The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain. [83] The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural and military force in Europe. [158], The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. Some data refers to IMF staff estimates but some are actual figures for the year 2017, made on 12 April 2017. Its highest point, the Halti at 1,324 metres (4,344ft), is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. . (Michael Adams, Trans. Chinese, for example, uses the word uzhu (/), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name ulub zhu () (zhu means "continent"); a similar Chinese-derived term sh () is also sometimes used in Japanese such as in the Japanese name of the European Union, sh Reng (), despite the katakana Yroppa () being more commonly used. A distinct non-Indo-European family of Uralic languages (Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Erzya, Komi, Mari, Moksha and Udmurt) is spoken mainly in Estonia, Finland, Hungary and parts of Russia. This includes land (an autonomous county of Finland), two autonomous territories of the Kingdom of Denmark (other than Denmark proper), three Crown Dependencies and two British Overseas Territories. Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains. [131][132][133] Patrons in Italy, including the Medici family of Florentine bankers and the Popes in Rome, funded prolific quattrocento and cinquecento artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia. Germanic languages are spoken in Western, Northern and Central Europe as well as in Gibraltar and Malta in Southern Europe. The capital region comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.1million people. Imports included silk and other fabrics, jewelry, Ulfberht swords, and, in lesser extent, glass. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. The boundaries of Europe were historically understood as those of Christendom (or more specifically Latin Christendom), as established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of Europe, especially against Islam, as in the Reconquista and the Ottoman wars in Europe.[310]. [247] The native language of 87.3% of the population is Finnish,[248][249] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic language. Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. [246]) and in the autonomous region of land, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland. Trade schools offer a vocational education: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school. The First World War was fought between 1914 and 1918. [206] More than 40million people in Europe had died as a result of the Second World War,[207] including between 11 and 17million people who perished during the Holocaust. During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. In the 1920s and '30s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7sqmi) annually. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above 10C or 50F) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over 35C (95F). Meanwhile, the Serbian revolution (1804) and Greek War of Independence (1821) marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, which ended with the Balkan Wars in 19121913. Private services are the largest employer in Finland. After World War II, it rapidly industrialized and developed an advanced economy, while building an extensive welfare state based on the Nordic model; the country soon enjoyed widespread prosperity and a high per capita income. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. This can be illustrated by the following table of average temperatures at locations roughly following the 64th, 60th, 55th, 50th, 45th and 40th latitudes. ", UN predicts huge migration to rich countries, Rich world needs more foreign workers: report, "Europe: Population and Migration in 2005", EU27 Member States granted citizenship to 696 000 persons in 2008, "Migration and migrant population statistics", "A pena do degredo nas Ordenaes do Reino - Jus.com.br | Jus Navigandi", "Ensaio sobre a imigrao portuguesa e os padres de miscigenao no Brasil", "The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America", "Work in progress: Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK, 18361914", Language facts European day of languages, "Regional Distribution of Christians: Christianity in Europe", accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people Catholic included often realize. [37] Since then, many modern analytical geographers like Halford Mackinder have declared that they see little validity in the Ural Mountains as a boundary between continents.[42]. Nevertheless, the President remains responsible for Finland's foreign relations, including the making of war and peace, but excluding matters related to the European Union. How to make the data count? The Finnish Lakeland is the area with the most lakes in the country; many of the major cities in the area, most notably Tampere, Jyvskyl and Kuopio, are located near the large lakes. [179] The largest retailer, which is also the largest private employer, S-Group, and the largest bank, OP-Group, in the country are both cooperatives. The Russian Empire stood to benefit from the decline, whereas the Habsburg Empire and Britain perceived the preservation of the Ottoman Empire to be in their best interests. Michael Gehler "Der alte und der neue Kalte Krieg in Europa" In: Die Presse 19.11.2015. [269] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years. In the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. [239] 442,290 people in Finland in 2021 were born in another country, representing 8% of the population. All have over 10 million residents,[307] and as such have been described as megacities. Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest trading partner (the Soviet Union), and a global economic downturn caused a deep early 1990s recession in Finland. The current division of Eurasia into two continents now reflects East-West cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. [222] This made old previously interrupted cultural and economic relationships possible, and previously isolated cities such as Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest and Trieste were now again in the centre of Europe. In addition, the President has several domestic reserve powers, including the authority to veto legislation, to grant pardons, and to appoint several public officials, such as Finnish ambassadors and heads of diplomatic missions, the Director-General of Kela, the Chancellor of Justice, the Prosecutor General, and the Governor and Board of the Bank of Finland, among others. COLUMBUS, Ohio (WCMH) The All-American Quarter Horse Congress is back in Columbus for the 55th year. The Finnish famine of 18661868 occurred after a promisingly warm midsummer and freezing temperatures in early September ravaged crops,[67] and it killed approximately 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest. The term total means that all sectors of the government and economy are involved in the defence planning. The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment and the rise of a new working class. WebThe Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul in 1840. Columbus largest annual convention and the worlds largest single-breed horse show returns for its 55th annual legendary event. [266], With 3.9million members,[268] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and is also by far Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2019, 68.7% of Finns were members of the church. The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest, in the Archipelago Sea between continental Finland and the main island of land. The Greater Helsinki area generates around one-third of Finland's GDP. [278], According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they "believe there is a God"; 42% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force". [379] Rally Finland is the biggest annual sporting event held in the country.[380]. The Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population at 2.7% in 2016. [18] In 2015, the Finland-NATO ties were strengthened with a host nation support agreement allowing assistance from NATO troops in emergency situations. Ancient Greece was the founding culture of Western civilisation. [31] Europe's eastern frontier was defined in the 1st century by geographer Strabo at the River Don. With a high capability of military personnel,[149] arsenal[150] and homeland defence willingness, Finland is one of Europe's militarily strongest countries.[151]. [240], Finland's immigrant population is growing. [88] Between 711 and 720, most of the lands of the Visigothic Kingdom of Iberia was brought under Muslim rulesave for small areas in the north-west (Asturias) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen counties. The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europe, respectively. By August, Germany had begun a bombing offensive against the United Kingdom but failed to convince the Britons to give up. The desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals[69] and socialists, driven in part by a declaration called the February Manifesto by the last tsar of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II, on 15 February 1899. After the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade. [172] The female employment rate is high. According to the current convention, Georgia and Azerbaijan are transcontinental countries where waterways have been completely replaced by mountains as the divide between continents. There are also separate ferry connections dedicated to tourism in the vicinity of Helsinki and its region, such as the connection to the fortress island of Suomenlinna[215] or the connection to the old town of Porvoo. 2002. [200] In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK at the beginning of the 1970s. [350] In 2007, a daily online newspaper called Helsinki Times was founded, which provides news about Finland for English-speaking readers.[351][352]. In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing, and 69.1% services. In 1918, the fledgling state was divided by the Finnish Civil War. Different cultural events are organized in Europe, with the aim of bringing different cultures closer together and raising awareness of their importance, such as the European Capital of Culture, the European Region of Gastronomy, the European Youth Capital and the European Capital of Sport. [220] Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include ski resorts (such as Levi, Ruka and Ylls)[221] and sleigh rides led by either reindeer or huskies.[222][223]. [249] As with other continents, Europe has a large variation of wealth among its countries. Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. Jessica Caus "Am Checkpoint Charlie lebt der Kalte Krieg" In: Die Welt 4 August 2015. Hostilities resumed in June 1941 with the Continuation War, when Finland aligned with Germany following the latter's invasion of the Soviet Union; the primary aim was to recapture the territory lost to the Soviets scarcely one year before. To the East, Kievan Rus' expanded from its capital in Kiev to become the largest state in Europe by the 10th century. [376][377], Finnish competitors have achieved significant success in motorsport. [40] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy. [96] Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream. In the mid-7th century, following the Muslim conquest of Persia, Islam penetrated into the Caucasus region. [326][additional citation(s) needed] Also, at least a couple of Finnish polkas are known worldwide, such as Skkijrven polkka[327] and Ievan polkka. Berlin, Germany; Calgary, Canada; and Irkutsk, in far south-eastern Russia, lie on around the same latitude; January temperatures in Berlin average around 8C (14F) higher than those in Calgary and they are almost 22C (40F) higher than average temperatures in Irkutsk. Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament. [229] However, the United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020, as a result of a June 2016 referendum on EU membership. One view is that her name derives from the Ancient Greek elements (eurs) 'wide, broad', and (ps, gen. , ps) 'eye, face, countenance', hence their composite Eurp would mean 'wide-gazing' or 'broad of aspect'. Spain, for example, has territories south of the Mediterranean Seanamely, Ceuta and Melillawhich are parts of Africa and share a border with Morocco. Malta was considered an island of North-western Africa for centuries, but now it is considered to be part of Europe as well. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast. But women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature, until 1919. Economic growth, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. The term "continent" usually implies the physical geography of a large land mass completely or almost completely surrounded by water at its borders. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLewisWigen1997 (, The map shows one of the most commonly accepted delineations of the geographical boundaries of Europe, as used by. Stalin was also responsible for the Great Purge of 193738 in which the NKVD executed 681,692 people;[189] millions of people were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. Finland consists of 19 regions, called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers colonised at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania, and the majority of Asia. As a continent, the economy of Europe is currently the largest on Earth and it is the richest region as measured by assets under management with over $32.7trillion compared to North America's $27.1trillion in 2008. While Russia remains the largest market for foreign tourists, the biggest growth came from Chinese markets (35%). Instead, the concept of "Western civilization" emerged as a way of grouping together Europe and these colonies.[40]. The Gulf Stream not only carries warm water to Europe's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean. [123] Europe was devastated in the mid-14th century by the Black Death, one of the most deadly pandemics in human history which killed an estimated 25million people in Europe alonea third of the European population at the time. The figures are as of 31 December 2021. During the High Middle Ages the population of Europe experienced significant growth, culminating in the Renaissance of the 12th century. [30] [31] In addition to the close relatives of Finnish (the Finnic languages), this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian (soms, Somija) and Lithuanian (suomis, Suomija), although these are later borrowings. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Stockholm and Travemnde. [277], Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at 70.6 million people, the IOM's report said. The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the automotive industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals and alloys including steel, copper and chromium. At the same time decolonisation, which had already started after the First World War, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa. The 1745 atlas published by the Russian Academy of Sciences has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as Serafimovich before cutting north towards Arkhangelsk, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as John Cary followed Strahlenberg's prescription. ", "Fan power! Religion in Europe according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2016[8], Historically, religion in Europe has been a major influence on European art, culture, philosophy and law. This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth. The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. [32], The devastation of Finland during the Great Northern War (17141721) and during the Russo-Swedish War (17411743) caused Sweden to begin carrying out major efforts to defend its eastern half from Russia. In 2016, 69.3% of Finnish children were baptized[275] and 82.3% were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15,[276] and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. [116][117] After the collapse of Mongol dominions, the first Romanian states (principalities) emerged in the 14th century: Moldavia and Walachia. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Finland, a nation then of only 3.2 million people, came second in the medal count. Economic instability, caused in part by debts incurred in the First World War and 'loans' to Germany played havoc in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s. The first pottery appeared in 5200 BC, when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe. [19][20][21][22] In 2015, Finland ranked first in the World Human Capital,[23] topped the Press Freedom Index, and was the most stable country in the world during 20112016, according to the Fragile States Index;[24] it is second in the Global Gender Gap Report,[25] and has ranked first in every annual World Happiness Report since 2018. Four years later, in 1725, Philip Johan von Strahlenberg was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary. [285] But numbers remained relatively small until waves of mass emigration in the 19th century, when millions of poor families left Europe. [230][93][231][232] Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. ", "Sanna Marin of Finland to Become World's Youngest Prime Minister", "Kaatuneen hallituksen kaikki puolueet halukkaita jatkoon samalla hallitusohjelmalla vanhan opposition puolueet eivt hyvksy ohjelmaa", The Finnish Wikipedia's article on Motion of no confidence, "File:Intentional homicides, 2016 (police-recorded offences per 100 000 inhabitants).png", "Finland to raise wartime strength to 280,000 troops", "Suomella on jrisyttvn suuri ja kadehdittu tykist", Tyvoimakustannukset puuttuvat puolustusmenoista, "Is Finland taking a step closer to NATO membership", Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Between the Government of the Republic of Finland and Headquarters, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation As Well As Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Regarding the Provision of Host Nation Support for the Execution of NATO: Operations / Exercises / Similar Military Activity, "Sweden and Finland Forge Closer Ties With NATO", Finnish soldiers involved in 20-minute gunfight in Afghanistan |Yle Uutiset, Finland's participation in NATO-led crisis management operations, "Perustuslaki: 2. luku Perusoikeudet, 6 Yhdenvertaisuus 2 momentti", "Statistics of the Human Development Report", "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012: Finland", Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, "Finland's 'lost decade' continueseconomy same size as in 2006", "Finland's economy: In search of the sunny side", "Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition", "Suomalaisten tulot Euroopan keskitasoa. The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport, which handled about 21 million passengers in 2019 (5million in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic). The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive. [235], As of 2021[update], there were 469,633 people with a foreign background living in Finland (8.5% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq and former Yugoslavia. [248] In 2009 Europe remained the wealthiest region. [177] In the 19th century, 70million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman. Danes waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier,[47] in 1191 and in 1202,[48] and Swedes, possibly the so-called second crusade to Finland, in 1249 against Tavastians and the third crusade to Finland in 1293 against the Karelians. This number includes Siberia, (about 38 million people) but excludes European Turkey (about 12 million). The forest consists of pine, spruce, birch, and other species. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that inspired the American group Guns N' Roses, among others. [a] [61] In 1812, Alexander I incorporated the Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland. From that time, the term designated the sphere of influence of the Western Church, as opposed to both the Eastern Orthodox churches and to the Islamic world. Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. [224] St. Olaf's Castle (Olavinlinna) in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival,[225] and the medieval milieus of the cities of Turku, Rauma and Porvoo also attract curious spectators. [236][237] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.[116]. [11] Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country divided entirely by water, while Russia and Kazakhstan are only partly divided by waterways. [162] Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution, and established the First French Empire that, during the Napoleonic Wars, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo. [98][99] Financial crises also paralyzed Finland's exports in 2008, resulting in weaker economic growth throughout the decade. A century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population. The brown bear, which is also nicknamed as the "king of the forest" by the Finns, is the country's official national animal,[117] which also occur on the coat of arms of the Satakunta region is a crown-headed black bear carrying a sword,[118] possibly referring to the regional capital city of Pori, whose Swedish name Bjrneborg and the Latin name Arctopolis literally means "bear city" or "bear fortress". And redwing `` Western civilization '' emerged as a Finnish-only speaker in this system der und! That, by 1900, Europe has a large amount of aid by the Finnish Federation... Kosovo wars the biggest annual sporting event held in the defence planning state and... Quarter of the world km2 ( land area ) source of culture in period. 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