Fish is an amazing natural food source for vitamin D. Vitamin K helps prevent internal bleeding and stimulates correct coagulation of blood. 2018;9:1521. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01521, Zhou CP, Ge XP, Liu B, Xie J, Miao LH. It also helps in maintaining the proper functioning of the heart and nervous system. Stocksy. Most fish are naturally low in saturated fat and packed with heart-healthy omega-3s, as well as protein. Adding in enriched (well-fed) live foods will help assure that your fish get all the nutrients they need for good health and long life. The answer is NO; fish and other invertebrates have other nutritional needs than humans or other mammals. Three ounces of yellowfin tuna is a top source of vitamin B-6 with 0.88 milligrams, which is 68 percent of the 1.3 milligrams adults need each day. This floating fish food is designed for premium nutrition for growing show-quality koi. Chlorine is a component of gastric juices and urine and regulates blood and cell fluids. So, bury your worry and begin the vitamin-infused diet for the healthy growth and development of your child. Many fish keepers are unaware of the importance of vitamins in fish health. These saturated fats are particularly harmful and should be avoided. Several vitamins and minerals can be assimilated directly from the water through the gills, so the fishes are not completely dependent on their food. Vitamins your fish need: Vitamin A - from greens and crustaceans. A 2013 study found that people who . Allow the mixture to sit for 15 - 20 minutes after stirring. Fish also need trace amounts of iron, iodine, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium, sulfur, copper, and zinc. It is one of the most popular height booster vitamins. Vitamin D also helps fight hair loss. The American Heart Association recommends eating fish at least two times per week . Besides; vitamins for taller height are also useful for the body. It is important to know what the information on the label means and if the food includes what your fish needs to stay healthy. Boosts Hair Growth: Using fish oil for hair growth is very beneficial, as the essential proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and omega-3s present in fish oil help in nourishing the scalp and hair follicles, and boosting hair growth significantly. The Spruce Pets uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Our free guide can help keep your tank clean and your fish healthy. Besides, long-term usage of HGH injections can lead to a condition called acromegaly wherein the person experiences overgrowth of bones in the hands, feet, and face. There may be other situations in which the use of vitamins appears justified, but for a normal community aquarium fed a varied diet, extra doses of vitamins seem superfluous and inadvisable. Front Physiol. 2020;51(8):3061-3071. doi:10.1111/are.14667. All my knowledge comes from experience and reading forums and a lot of informative sites. 2000). A.D.P. "It is no wonder that B vitamins like vitamin B7 (biotin) and . Vitamin A - from greens and crustaceans. Vitamin D also helps the body to absorb calcium and phosphorus, which also contributes to growing taller. A 3-ounce serving of chinook salmon provides 1.15 milligrams of vitamin E and the same amount of Atlantic sardines contains 1.74 milligrams. Fish need energy to maintain basic metabolic activities and to support growth, reproduction, activity, and health. Around 30% of fish oil is made up of omega-3s, while the remaining 70% is made up of other fats. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. What is Fish Oil? The Linus Pauling Institute indicates that 1 tsp. Biotin deficiencies tend to be rare, with those diagnosed with Biotinidase Deficiency being. Flake foods have adequate vitamin content initially, but the content degrades (oxidizes) rather quickly once the container is opened and exposed to air. "Vitamin C can improve hair growth, fight dandruff, stop hair loss, and lead to thicker hair," while a deficiency can cause split ends, says Bank. Vitamin B5 and biotin may help to support healthy hair fibers and boost pliability, giving hairs a better chance at reducing breakage. Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, stimulates the production of keratin to increase follicle growth. Supplementing Fish Food With Vitamins and Minerals.. Chances are, you've heard of the health benefits of fish oil before. Gummy Collagen Custom Private Label Biotin Fish Collagen Dietary Supplements Hair Nails Skin Bear Collagen Gummies, Gummy Collagen Custom Private Label Biotin. In conclusion, this study indicated that dietary vitamin E deficiency depressed fish growth, impaired the immune function and disturbed the structural integrity of the head kidney, spleen and skin in grass carp, but optimal vitamin E supplementation can reverse those negative effects in fish. Teeth and bones start becoming weak if a body does not get the required amount of vitamin D. Sunlight is an important source containing vitamin D. Apart from that, you can increase the amount of vitamin D by including tomatoes, potatoes, milk, citrus fruits and cauliflower in your diet. Three ounces of rainbow trout has about 256 international units, which translates to 11 percent of the 2,300 international units women need each day and 9 percent of the 3,000 international units men require on a daily basis. Mary Ruth's Organic Methyl B12 Spray (USDA organic, non-GMO, sugar-free, and free of . Green algae, water plants, lettuce, spinach, beef liver, fish eggs. Its deficiency will result in loss of bone. Good digestion requires an adequate amount of vitamins B3 and C. Vitamin C is also needed for healthy bones and teeth, which are important in all species of fish. Pantothenic acid, niacin, and vitamin B12, Do Fish Need Light At Night (Keep your aquarium natural), fish and other invertebrates have other nutritional needs, Malawi Cichlids Water Parameters | Temperature, pH and GH. Vitamin K is critical for proper blood clotting. How to Use: Guava, grapefruit, kiwi, and orange have vitamin C in them. Take a handful of nuts and eat them as and when you like. Vitamins: Varied factors affect health, disease resistance effects in fish - Responsible Seafood Advocate GOAL Events Advocate Magazine Aquademia Podcast Blog Contact Log In About Membership Resources Certification Wendy M. Sealey, Ph.D. Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station University of Idaho 3059F National Fish Hatchery Road Vitamin B-Complex Vitamin B-Complex is a source of vitamins for growth that plays multiple roles in the progress of body development. Sodium and potassium control muscular function, regulate body fluids, and are involved in the conduction of nerve impulses. You can increase the amount of biotin into your diet by eating eggs and bananas or drinking milk. Fish contains three key B vitamins including vitamins B-6, B-12 and niacin, each of which help the body metabolize foods and to support a healthy nervous system. Minerals have a long shelf lifeand can be found in adequate quantities in all good quality pelleted and flake foods.. Many vitamins and supplements can help renew your skin, and stimulate hair and nail growth if the supplements contain the following: > Biotin, also known as B7, strengthens hair and increases its density. Shirlie Sharpe is an aquatic expert and writer with over three decades of experience keeping and raising ornamental fish. Offers a variety of health benefits including proper growth, function of the nervous system, digestion of protein, and protection of the slime coat. Vita-Chem, made by Boyd Enterprises: Different solutions are available, one for freshwater fish and another for saltwater/marine environments. Ans: The 4 vitamins essential for height growth are vitamins B1, B2, C and D. It is not one single vitamin that works for your height growth. One further note of importance about feeding is how much to feed. It helps in the digestion of vitamin riboflavin. Marine growth on offshore rigs may have use in feed. Tao YF, Qiang J, Bao JW, et al. Even meat-eating fish (carnivores) require a limit of no more than 8-10 percent fat in their diet. Make it a point to include them at least thrice in your diet. Abhaya Mudra (Mudra of Fearlessness): How to Do It and Benefits, Baggy Arms: 9 Best Tightening Exercises for Saggy Upper Arms. It is found in the thyroid gland, where it is essential for thyroid health the thyroid regulates metabolism and for normal growth. Before jumping in with the best dosages - lets discuss fish oil, and whether it is good for your hair loss problem. 4.1 out of 5 stars 34 ratings. Fish oil also contains important vitamins and minerals that support hair growth and thickness to your hair. Three ounces of salmon is a top source of vitamin B-12 with 4.8 micrograms, which is more than the 2.4 micrograms adults need on a daily basis. The vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids in fish can provide significant health benefits. The higher dose of HGH will only thicken the bones in the adults and not lengthen them. A good quality food contains a high percentage of digestible protein, plus essential amino acids and fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Below are listed the 6 best height vitamins to get taller. Vitamin B is said to promote body growth and helps in growing taller. Over the years I have kept many tanks, and have recently begun getting more serious in wanting to become a professional aquarist. What Are the Benefits of Almonds and Chocolate? Post-fingerlings (4 - 6 grams): 1.8mm feed size Juvenile (6 - 10 grams): 2mm feed size Post-juvenile (10 - 50 grams): 2mm feed size As your fishes grow, the size of feed they can pick will increase. Im experienced in the fishkeeping hobby for many years. Manganese, like magnesium, is probably an activator of certain enzymes. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium and many types of fish are good sources. In fact, too many carbs can deter proper growth, as fish are not able to readily digest carbohydrates like land animals do. They help to flush out toxins from your body and keep your body safe. Green, brown and red algae, lettuce, yeast, beef; beet liver, egg yolk, mussels. beef liver, lettuce, spinach, water fleas. Fish oil is derived from numerous fish categories including tuna, herring, and mackerel. This drug inhibits 5-reductase, lowering DHT levels by up to 70%. Tomatoes, citrus fruits, potatoes, and berries are rich sources of this vitamin. However, there is variation by species to the amount of carbohydrate a fish can tolerate without suffering negative side effects. This is also among height growth vitamins for adults. If certain fish species prove difficult to maintain in captivity because of susceptibility to skin infections, a relatively high dose of vitamin A can be given. The fish and shrimp body needs vitamin C ( ascorbic acid or ascorbate) to remain in proper health condition. Vitamin B1 It promotes body growth and aids you in growing taller, Vitamin B2 Provides the body with the required energy to aid in proper growth, Vitamin D It makes the bones long and strong, Vitamin C Ascorbic acid is vital for healthy bones. Since 2014, however, several published studies . Adult fish, however, can tolerate as much as 40 percent carbohydrate in their diet, seemingly without ill effects, although 25 percent is better. Health Benefits. Lack of vitamin A can cause spinal deformities and stunted growth in young developing fish. . Cooke completes deal to buy Tassal. Vitamin C is one of the good antioxidants and thus prevents illness resulting in the growth of the body at a younger age. > Fish Oil makes hair and nails shiny, and . 2. However, there is no scientific evidence that HGH injections will lead to height growth in adults. 1kg , 5kg , 10kg, 20kg. They also reduce cholesterol levels, protect against sun damage, and help in age-related degenerative changes. In pursuit of becoming a professional, I also want to inspire as many people as I can to pick up this hobby and keep the public interest growing.Read more about Sean.Please join also my Facebook group. However, the evidence for this is currently limited. They are also excellent supplements as vitamins that promote height growth. This fat-soluble vitamin is typically found dissolved in the oils within the fish meat, and fish oil supplements provide a rich source of the vitamin. Calcium - Fish contains calcium, the most abundant mineral in your body. The type of fat also matters, as fish have difficulties digesting hard (saturated) fats, such as those in beef. Herbivores need 15 percent to 30 percent protein in their diet, while carnivores need at least 45 percent protein. Then, add the recommended dosage of each of the fish food supplements. 59 ($13.59 $13.59 / Count) Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime are very rich in calcium. Vitamins E and A are key factors in maintaining fish in top breeding condition. Get it free when you sign up for the Spruce Pets! A study from 2018 also found that topical use of fish oil stimulates hair growth and increases the length of hair fibers. Some nuts, seeds and vegetable oils contain another omega-3 called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (the macronutrients) provide this energy and also some essential nutrients. She has consulted with The Minnesota Zoo and the National Aquarium. Vitamin K helps attract calcium to the bone. It would take us too far afield to discuss extensively the role of these elements in the fishs body, so we shall make only a few remarks on the subject. It is inadvisable, therefore, to experiment with these substances. beta carotene). Research on the benefits of fish oil for hair growth and health is limited. Each diet was fed to Nile tilapia (initial weight, 5.26 0.10 g) in quadruplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice . Many fish keepers are not aware of the critical role vitamins play in fish health. Vitamin deficiency hits fish fertility A new study of fish has shown that even a slight deficiency in B vitamins such as folate and B12 leads to much lower fecundity and weaker offspring. Increasing the amount of zinc consumption in children can aid them to reach a healthy height and weight. An 8-week growth experiment was performed to evaluate effects of dietary vitamin E (VE) levels on growth, antioxidant capacity, and immune response of Vitamin B is one of the best height booster vitamins that will help you grow taller. In this article I'll show you the 2 main ways that fish oil can help you grow thick, healthy hair (HINT: one way involves blocking DHT) and then I'll show you the best way to use it for maximum hair-growing impact.. What Are the Health Benefits of Rib Eye Steaks? It is a perfect blend of feed additives having quantities of probiotics, Trace minerals, Feed enzymes, and Essential Vitamins. Fish oil supplements are generally considered to be safe. However, this study was carried out entirely using mice and not humans with hair loss. 2 Best Overall Viviscal Women's Hair Growth Supplements Amazon Dr. Nick Saint-Erne, DVM, is a highly accomplished veterinarian and writer who has treated zoo animals and exotic pets for more than 35 years. Increased Marine Collagen in Hairburst 35+ supplements helps to maintain healthy hair, skin and nails. How to Use: Nuts, beans, and fish contain an enormous amount of phosphorous and can be taken as a part of your dietary supplements. Do not underestimate the power of the vitamins and also how capable they are in boosting the height of your child. Yeast, beef liver, egg yolk. Here's the feed size I recommend for bigger fishes, based on their size/weight, if you're to give them floating feed: 10 - 50 grams: 2mm feed size They give the required energy to your body and are necessary supplements as vitamins for height. (Gasco et al., 2018) fish need vitamins for health just like any animal especially Vitamin D that is necessary for calcium and phosphorus metab olization that aids in no rmal development of. We need phosphorus along with calcium. The label should also contain a Guaranteed Analysis, which the lists the percentages of protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, vitamins and minerals in the food. If you do not believe us, you should read this guide. The price of food mainly depends on its ingredients. Vitamins play an important role in the process of growing a healthy breast. Beef and fish livers, crustaceans, arthropods, egg volk, algae, lettuce, spinach, water plants. It also plays a key role in the function and development of your nervous system and brain. Minerals are important for healthy cells, immune systems, metabolic enzymes, bones, teeth, and even for maintaining healthy scales. The most expensive ingredient of fish food is high-quality protein - an essential nutrient for all fish species' health and growth. Some types of fish also contain vitamin A, or retinol. The body stores fat-soluble vitamins in fatty tissue and the liver, and reserves of these vitamins can stay in the body for days and sometimes months.. Complex B vitamins play a role in hair growth, and are "essential for metabolism and nervous system function," says Dr. Green. The results showed that growth rate was significantly reduced at lower or higher intensities while light intensity did not affect the survival. Vitamin B12 needed for the formation of red blood cells and DNA. a high level of vitamins, vegetable protein, and anti-microbial properties. Once you've determined that, increase the protein requirements (vegetable or meat sources) by about 20%. The water-soluble vitamins include the vitamin B complex, vitamin C and the essential nutritional factors myo-choline and inositol. Phosphorous, too, is involved in the formation of the skeleton and regulation of body fluids and active during the digestion of carbohydrates and in fat and protein metabolism. Green algae, lettuce, spinach, egg yolk, wheat germ oil. It is cheaper to produce food with fishmeal as the main protein, and a high content of cereals and a low content of fish oils, than it is to produce high quality food using fresh fish or other whole seafood (such as shrimp, squid, clams, krill) as main ingredients. Vitamin K is critical for proper blood clotting. It's important to balance a growth diet based on the specific needs of the species you're breeding. of cod liver oil -- a common fish oil supplement -- contains a full day's worth of vitamin . These are all known vitamins/pills that make your breast grow and help to increase breast size naturally and produce healthy skin. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, hematologic parameters and innate immune responses in juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. One of the most popular vitamins that aid hair growth, Biotin, a.k.a vitamin B7 a.k.a vitamin H, is crucial for cell growth, production of fatty acids and all of those fascinating yet a bit complicated processes that make one's hair grow long, strong and healthy. Live foods are an even bigger unknown, as living flies, crickets and worms do not come with nutritional information. Much of the food that we take has in them an enriched supply of vitamin B. Fish oil supplements come in liquid, capsule and pill form. Halibut, swordfish, herring, pollack and haddock also supply vitamins B-6, B-12 and niacin. Q2. Does Skipping Rope Really Increase Height? Dietary sources of DHA and EPA are fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel and trout, and shellfish, such as mussels, oysters and crabs. Give them as much food as they will eat in about 5 minutes, with no leftover food on the bottom. wheat germ oil. The vast majority of vitamins and minerals for hair growth are more like Rogaine (minoxidil) than Propecia. People take fish oil for its anti-inflammatory effects. Sources of Vitamin B 12: Dairy products, eggs, fish, fortified breakfast cereal, meat, milk, poultry, shellfish, supplements. The digestibility of carbohydrates by fish is only 34 percent, compared to proteins and fats fat at 85-95 percent digestibility. Zaytun Vitamins Fish Oil 1200mg Omega-3 300mg with Premium EPA/DHA, One-Per-Day, Supports Brain, Heart and Cardiovascular Health, Keto Friendly, Gluten-Free, 120 Softgels, Made in USA, Halal Vitamins 120 Count (Pack of 1) 128 $1599 ($0.13/Count) $15.19 with Subscribe & Save discount FREE delivery Wed, Nov 23 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Not use exclusively, but mixed in with homemade recipes as mentioned above, flake food can contribute significantly to the overall diet. Actually, it is the combined effect of all the aforesaid vitamins along with calcium, zinc, and phosphorus in proper quantities that result in proper growth and development of the person. For example, three ounces of rainbow trout delivers 645 international units of vitamin D, which is more than the 600 international units healthy adults need on a daily basis. This may indicate they are not getting proper nutrition. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Bone or meat meal is a good source of both calcium and phosphorus, as well. Aquac Res. If you typically forgo fish in favor of other meat and poultry, consider adding more fish to your diet. Added Copper in the Hairburst vitamins also supports normal hair and skin pigmentation. OEM kids Vitamin C Gummies with Vitamin C for Immune Support custom logo Child Growth and Development fish oil Gummies. CrystalClear Platinum fish food contains a special blend of the highest quality proteins, vitamins, and minerals to promote rapid growth. Vitamin A is essential for the health of your eyes, skin, teeth and bones, and certain types of fish provide a good dose of this key nutrient. In the present study, gross vitamin C-deficiency signs, such as spinal deformation, retarded growth, caudal fin erosion and lower survival were observed in the fish fed the vitamin C-deficient diet (the basal diet), the fish fed the diets supplemented with vitamin C didn't show any vitamin C-deficiency signs. The feed like moss or aquatic insects which produce naturally in the pond is not sufficient for fish. Lack of Folacin also known as Folic Acid reduces the formation of blood cells and can cause anemia. Read our. In small quantities, the trace elements are indispensable but in larger concentrations many of them, such as copper, arc highly toxic. Eating a healthy and good diet alone will not help you grow taller. Good quality protein is the most expensive part of the components in fish food. 1. Pantothenic acid, niacin, and vitamin B 12 Green, brown and red algae, lettuce, yeast, beef; beet liver, egg yolk, mussels. It is one of the best vitamins for increasing height. How to Use: One glass of milk and one at night is a must for adequate calcium requirement of the body. Unfortunately, many fish keepers don't read or understand the fish food container labels showing the nutritional content of the food and may not be providing food that contains the appropriate nutrition. Anytime a fish is under stress, the need for vitamin A is increased, which can mean the difference between falling prey to disease and remaining healthy. Gardening Tools: 10 Must Have Gardening Tools and Their Uses. It includes vitamin C, vitamin B12, amino acids, and fatty acids. Calcium helps the body to increase bone growth. Milk and all dairy products like cheese, curd, butter, etc. Plant eaters (herbivores) need no more than 3-5 percent fat. Calcium should be taken on a regular basis to increase the strength and longevity of the bones resulting in an increase in height. Dr. Saint-Erne is part of The Spruce Pets' veterinary review board. It is a synthetic growth hormone. It prevents the slow growth of bones in children by preventing bone diseases like rickets, thus contributing to the growth of height. There are, nevertheless, situations when doses of vitamins in empirical quantities do seem justified when certain species do not deposit fertilized eggs, for instance, or in periods of food scarcity when the animals can not be given a varied diet. Fish contains three key B vitamins including vitamins B-6, B-12 and niacin, each of which help the body metabolize foods and to support a healthy nervous system. Not only this, fish oil has many essential vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, vitamin D, selenium, and retinol. Sulphur is important as a component of several essential amino acids. Vitamix Vitamins Formula Tropical Fish Food Floating Sinking for Breeder & Breeding Fish Growth Fast Color Enhancer Extra High Protein 60% Fish Feed 50 G. Healthy Fish, Special Support Formula . Herbivores require 15% to 30% protein in their diet, but carnivores require at least 45% protein. . Hence taking HGH for height growth is not at all advisable. Swordfish, rainbow trout, tuna, ocean perch, pickled herring, flatfish and halibut are good sources of vitamin E, too. (at a cut point of 75 nmol/L [30 ng/mL]) were linked to a modestly higher risk of slow-growth prostate cancer and a more substantial lower risk of aggressive disease. Essential for normal growth and development as well as for proper formation of bones and scales. It is the most important of all vitamins which help the bones to make them long and strong. Humans vitamins and minerals are in much higher concentrations than what fish need, and this could kill them. Essential for normal growth and development as well as for proper formation of bones and scales. Effect of High Dietary Carbohydrate on the Growth Performance and Physiological Responses of Juvenile Wuchang Bream, Megalobrama Amblycephala. Vitamin K is important to normal bone growth and development. Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids. Unlike minerals, vitamins are not stable for very long in prepared foods. Many women underestimate this method of breast augmentation, although a diet rich in vitamins . As dissolved salts in the body fluids, for instance, they determine the osmotic pressure and pH of blood and the contents of body cells. The label on fish food containers will list the ingredients that are used to make the food. Vitamin C makes various benefits to the fish/ shrimp body by holding cells together through collagen synthesis. Please, feed your fish two times a day with a high quality food. Although small quantities of fiber are important in the diet to aid in digestion, they should not be too high. Food sources like spinach, turnip greens, and fortified products of soy and collards are also rich in calcium. All of the liquid supplements will be absorbed by the dry fish food. How to Use: Vitamin B2 is present in your leafy vegetables. Fish require small amounts of the vitamin B complex, which play major roles in growth, physiology and cellular metabolism. It is probably one of the best vitamins for height growth. These are all a great way to increase breast size naturally. Disorders and Diseases of Fish. Crustaceans, beef, beef liver, fish, mussels, chicken eggs, spinach, lettuce, yeast. Most pellet food does not have the necessary vitamins, minerals or amino acids fish need to live happy healthy lives.. With these supplements you can provide everything your fish need to live their best lives.. Facebook: Indy Fish. Sara Ipatenco has taught writing, health and nutrition. Shirlie has also authored a book on setting up aquariums. Side effects of omega-3 supplements are usually mild and include: bad breath fishy aftertaste nausea headache indigestion diarrhea. Some important sources containing vitamin B1 are peanuts, soybeans, rice, and pork. They also serve as building blocks for the blood, enzymes, and hormones and play a role in such physiological processes as digestion and respiration. We all know that vitamins are vital for a healthy body, and hence, a balanced diet is advised, but did you know that there are vitamins that help height growth? It helps in preventing osteoporosis. Answer these, Are you worried that your child is shorter than his peers? Hi, my name is Sean, and Im the primary writer on the site. Vitamin A exists only in animal tissues, and is present either in the form of retinol (vitamin A1: mammals and marine fish) or 3,4-dehydroretinol (vitamin A2: freshwater fish). Hardly anything is known about their role in the lives of fishes, but we do know that a few are indispensable. It also increases the strength of the bone, which is necessary to grow taller. If the aquarium water is soft (mineral poor) and the tank decorated with only artificial plants, it is important to supplement the diet with mineral containing foods. Currently the third most widely used dietary supplement in the United States, it is considered one of the . Whats more, fish oil usually contains some vitamin A and D. Its important to note that the types of omega-3s found in fish oil have greater health benefits than the omega-3s found in some plant sources. Offers a variety of health benefits including proper growth, function of the nervous system, digestion of protein, and protection of the slime coat. In such cases, a multivitamin preparation can be added to the food in very small quantities. The key minerals fish need in bulk are calcium and phosphorus. Storage in the refrigerator or freezer will prolong the stability of the vitamin content, however, it is best to buy only what you will use within a month. The necessary vitamins are probably supplied in sufficient amounts when fish are given a varied diet, so vitamin supplements are usually unnecessary. Cheese, sardines, yogurt, and beans also have calcium in them. The synergistic effect of 'food availability-daylength' appears to be determining at this stage. 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