You should pack everything you could ever need in a small bag so you could move easily between your destinations. The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about 2,500,000km2 (970,000sqmi),[2] representing 0.7% of the global ocean surface, but its connection to the Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltarthe narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates the Iberian Peninsula in Europe from Morocco in Africais only 14km (9mi) wide. Tourism is a source of income for small coastal communities, including islands, independent of urban centres. Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale, 104 (1991) 226244, Coll, Marta, et al., "The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats.". 168 p. Politische Geographien Europas: Annherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strver, LIT Verlag Mnster, 2005, p. 43, FJ, Hilgen. 248257 (. Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. In the western Mediterranean there are Corsica, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands of , Majorca, Menorca, and Ibiza. My three-star rating isn't strictly fair to the content of. Free shipping for many products! The sea, in all its moods, was well known to the great apostle of the Gentiles. Fossil evidence from that period reveals that the larger basin had a humid subtropical climate with rainfall in the summer supporting laurel forests. Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive (Plinian) eruptions. The entire country of Egypt deserve to be explored with its every heavenly detail but there are places that must be seen before any other such as the breathtaking Hurghada's red sea, The wonders of Cairo the pyramids of Giza, the great sphinx, the Egyptian Museum, Khan El Khalili Bazaar, the wonders of Luxor like Valley of the Kings, Karnak & Hatshepsut temple and the wonders of Aswan such as Abu Simbel temples, Philea temple, Unfinished obelisk and The Wonders of Alexandria like Qaitbat Citadel, Pompey's Pillar and Alexandria Library. When floating plastic particles photodegrade down to zooplankton sizes, jellyfish attempt to consume them, and in this way the plastic enters the ocean food chain. The westernmost point of the Mediterranean is located at the transition from the Alborn Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar, the easternmost point is on the coast of the Gulf of Iskenderun in southeastern Turkey. Biogeosciences, 7(12): 39873997. [13], "The Great Sea by David Abulafia review", "The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean by David Abulafia review", "The Great Sea by David Abulafia: review", Richard Bosworth review, Times Higher Education Supplement, Jane Liddell-King review, Jewish Chronicle, " A great wine-dark sea of crises. As one of the prominent anti-Brexit historians, Abulafia knows how to argue against the mythology of the nation-state. It tells a coherent and entertaining story of five different seas that seems on target, provides a believable overall narrative, and yet includes all sorts of tidbits about people, places, and odd facts that makes books like this so rewarding. 2008. In this brilliant and expansive book, David Abulafia offers a fresh perspective by focusing on the sea itself: its practical importance for transport and sustenance; its dynamic role in the rise and fall . The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after World War II, in line with the "1950s syndrome"[113] as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26(2). [110], For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate. Introduction to the Biogeochemistry from the Oligo- trophic to the Ultraoligotrophic Mediterranean (BOUM) experiment. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. To be able to actually see the places and artifacRead More. [34] Among large natural fresh bodies of water are Lake Victoria (Nile basin), Lake Geneva (Rhne), and the Italian Lakes (Po). [132], Marine plastic pollution (or plastic pollution in the ocean) is a type of marine pollution by plastics, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to microplastics formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. On the west: A line joining the extremities of, On the northeast: The west coast of Italy. Deep water formation in the Mediterranean is triggered by strong winter convection fueled by intense cold winds like the Bora. Deposits of evaporites accumulated earlier in the nearby Carpathian foredeep during the Middle Miocene, and the adjacent Red Sea Basin (during the Late Miocene), and in the whole Mediterranean basin (during the MSC and the Messinian age). The Tyrrhenian Sea is located off Italy's western coast and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The one seaport of which in ancient times the Hebrews seem to have made much use was Joppa-the modern Jaffa (2 Chronicles 2:16, etc.). The history of the Mediterranean is essential to understand the origin story and the development of many ancient and modern societies. What are Special Advice for Foreign Women in Egypt? The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea that stretches from Asia on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west and it separates between Africa and Europe. Unless a reader is only looking to be informed in a general way about what he is reading, it is the argumentative flow that keeps him/her engaged. on the international level with the cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons. Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic. Because of its latitude and its landlocked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Bottle caps have been found in the stomachs of turtles and seabirds, which have died because of the obstruction of their respiratory and digestive tracts. With the opening of the lockless Suez Canal in 1869, the flow of trade between Europe and Asia changed fundamentally. Discover the top information about Aswan, Aswan Facts, Aswan attractions, Aswan History with our Aswan tr Egypt Tours Portal prides itself on being the best travel agency in Egypt as proven by our numerous positive reviews. It has been confirmed that the shipwreck, dating back to 1600 BC, is older than the "Uluburun Shipwreck" dating back to 1400 BC.[7][8][9]. There are several other special territories that border the Mediterranean Sea from the west side to the east side such as: The Crown colony of Gibraltar is located in the United Kingdom. 1.5 tons of copper ingots found in the ship were used to estimate its age. Deep Sea Research Part A. It is also called "the hinder sea" (Hebrew ha-yam ha-'aharon), i.e. The basin of the Nile constitutes about two-thirds of the Mediterranean drainage basin[34] and encompasses areas as high as the Ruwenzori Mountains. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce the incentive for tourists to visit. The northernmost point of the Mediterranean is on the coast of the Gulf of Trieste near Monfalcone in northern Italy while the southernmost point is on the coast of the Gulf of Sidra near the Libyan town of El Agheila. There were 80 percent fewer sea worms in the trawled region and only half as much diversity of species in the trawled seafloor.[160]. The Alboran Sea, close to the Strait of Gibraltar, has a daily primary productivity of about 0.25 g C (grams of carbon) m2 day1 whereas the eastern basin has an average daily productivity of 0.16 g C m2 day1. The fastest way is a car, of course, a taxi. First published in 2011, it is a history of the Mediterranean Sea from 22,000 BC to the present time, and provides one of the most comprehensive treatments of the subject since the works of Fernand Braudel. Numbers 34:7 "'This shall be your north border: from the great sea you shall mark out for you Mount Hor; Joshua 1:4 From the wilderness, and this Lebanon, even to the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and to the great sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your border. [118] The GreekTurkish earthquake diplomacy is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations between traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in zmir and Athens in 1999. [136] It is estimated that 1923 million tonnes of plastic leaks into aquatic ecosystems annually. The following countries are in the Mediterranean drainage basin while not having a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east): Exclusive economic zones in Mediterranean Sea:[43][44], The Coastline length is about 46,000km.[45][46][47]. First published in 2011, it is a history of the Mediterranean Sea from 22,000 BC to the present time, and provides one of the most comprehensive treatments of the subject since the works of Fernand Braudel . The Mediterranean remains very warm even in late September. This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting the trade across the Caspian Sea. All our teammates have vast experience from more than 5 to 15 years in the field of creating the most incredible Egypt Egypt tours & vacation packages, Egypt Nile cruises, Egypt day tours & excursions, and Egypt shore excursions that have won the praise of all our client as shown by own clients on TripAdvisor. This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of alien species into the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean Sea has over 3300 islands some of the most famous ones found in the eastern Mediterranean include Cyprus, Lesbos, Crete, Rhodes, Euboea, Chios, Corfu, Limnos, Samos, Kefalonia, Naxos, and Andros, which are the home of about 15 million people. Estimating the global inflow and stock of plastic marine debris using material flow analysis: a preliminary approach. It is the home of everything a traveler might be looking for from amazing historical sites dating to more than 4000 years to enchanting city resorts & beaches. The autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos, The Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands, The Gaza Strip (governed by the Palestinian National Authority), The sovereign base area of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Rather than imposing a false unity on the sea and the teeming human activity it has sustained, the book emphasises diversity - ethnic, linguistic, religious and political. During Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic-Rif mountain belts across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. In oceanography, it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea, the European Mediterranean Sea or the African Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Byzantines in the mid-8th century retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. The first of the Great War at Sea series. Connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea has been for millennia the place where religions, economies, and political systems met, clashed, influenced and absorbed one another. The spacious Mediterranean Sea is considered the main transit corridor for the alien species of the invasion in the Black Sea and it is even been considered storage for the alien species which can be transported after that to the Black Sea. [95], The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500m (4,900ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267m (17,280ft) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. I started it last Friday and could not put it down! 0:58. [84] However, in winter, light may be the limiting factor for primary productivity. Its mystery and wonder, the raging of the storm, and the sound of "sorrow on the sea," borne to their upland ears, infected them with a strange dread of its wide waters, to which the seer of Patmos gave the last Scriptural expression in his vision of the new earth, where "the sea is no more" (Revelation 21:1).3. (ha-yam ha-gadhol):1. In Asia, are the Ceyhan and Seyhan, both on the south side of the Taurus Mountains. The sea was opened as a commerce highway by the merchants who were getting their goods from Phoenicia and the rest of the world. - The Fortnightly Review", "Professor David Abulafia, FBA Faculty of History", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Sea:_A_Human_History_of_the_Mediterranean&oldid=1122458375, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 November 2022, at 17:56. The Mediterranean is also plagued by marine debris. . The, A woman and a boy collecting plastic waste at a beach during a cleanup exercise, Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis, Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna, Not including the area of the Mediterranean Sea, Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). For over three thousand years, the Mediterranean Sea has been one of the great centres of civilization. The Barbary pirates of Northwest Africa preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The Byzantine and Arab Empires depended heavily on the powers of the Mediterranean Sea. It was the most important route for trade in the world especially during ancient times as it was vital for international trade and cultural & scientific exchange between different regions which are Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Semitic, Carthaginian, Phoenician, Persian, Roman, and Greek cultures. Rdiger Hachtmann "Tourismus-Geschichte." The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean by David Abulafia Oxford University Press, 783 pp. Dubbed the Betic and Rifian corridors, they gradually closed during the middle and late Miocene: perhaps several times. [157] A species of particular concern is the slow growing, deep water coral Lophelia pertusa. (2007); Attilio Brilli "Quando viaggiare era un'arte. The Arab invasions disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while disrupting trade routes with Eastern Asian Empires. The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.[5]. 4 days Cairo Egypt Tour packagewill be the k 5 Days Cairo and Alexandria Tour Package For American Travelers It is estimated that there is a stock of 86 million tons of plastic marine debris in the worldwide ocean as of the end of 2013, assuming that 1.4% of global plastics produced from 1950 to 2013 has entered the ocean and has accumulated there. The original name of the Mediterranean Sea is "The Euradrican Mediterranean Sea". The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal functions as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. This species is home to a diverse community of deep sea organisms, but is easily damaged by fishing gear. [datemissing]. We have defined the word of professionalism throughout the tours that we have arranged through the past years as it is not just business to us but it is a matter of proving to the whole world that we are the best travel agency in the middle east who can arrange perfect well-organized tours in Egypt with the whole required element to make it one of its kind. [152][153], Trawling gear produces acute impacts on biota and the physical substratum of the seafloor by disrupting the sediment column structure, overturning boulders, re-suspending sediments and imprinting deep scars on muddy bottoms. This is the south side southward. The Mediterranean suddenly lies dangerously calm, and an eerie silence weighs over the waters. Unlike the vast multidirectional ocean currents in open oceans within their respective oceanic zones; biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea is that of a stable one due to the subtle but strong locked nature of currents which affects favourably, even the smallest macroscopic type of volcanic life form. Large islands in the Mediterranean include: The Alpine arc, which also has a great meteorological impact on the Mediterranean area, touches the Mediterranean in the west in the area around Nice. This transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean. In particular, the Maritime Silk Road from Asia and Africa leads through the Suez Canal directly into the Mediterranean Sea to its deep-water ports in Piraeus, Trieste, Genoa, Marseilles and Barcelona. To see what your friends thought of this book, The drainage basin encompasses a large number of other countries, the Nile being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea. Even today, the Mediterranean Sea is able to have a strong effect on the economies of the entire earth. Ezekiel 47:15 This shall be the border of the land: On the north side, from the great sea, by the way of Hethlon, to the entrance of Zedad; Ezekiel 47:19 The south side southward shall be from Tamar as far as the waters of Meriboth Kadesh, to the brook of Egypt, to the great sea. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometresin some places more than three kilometres thick. Joshua 15:12 The west border was to the shore of the great sea. The almost complete enclosure of the Mediterranean basin has enabled the oceanic gateways to dominate seawater circulation and the environmental evolution of the sea and basin. Ezekiel 47:20 The west side shall be the great sea, from the south border as far as over against the entrance of Hamath. It runs through 22 countries that surround the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea which are. There are steep gradients in nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity in the Mediterranean. Our staff consists of the best operators, guides and drivers who dedicate all of their time & effort to make you have the perfect vacation. Ocean Modelling, 36(12): 125, dOrtenzio, F. and Ribera dAlcal, M. (2009). [67] LIW are formed along the coasts of Turkey and circulate westwards along the Greek and South Italian coasts. Debt of Palestine to the Sea:The land owes much to the great sea. In addition, the disputed territory of North Cyprus, and some enclaves, notably Gibraltar and Ceuta, have coastlines on the sea. Now available in paperback, The Great Sea is the definitive account of perhaps the most vibrant theater of human interaction in history. It acted as a superhighway in ancient ages, allowing for trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region such as Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Hebrews, Minoans, and Hittites on the eastern side of the Mediterranean and the Carthaginians, Celtiberian, Etruscans, Romans, Gauls, and Berbers on the western side. Nutrient concentrations in the western part of the basin are about double the concentrations in the eastern basin. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26(2). Among others, in the eastern Mediterranean, the Thera eruption, dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large tsunami that some experts hypothesise devastated the Minoan civilisation on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the Atlantis legend. Connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea has been for millennia the place where religions, economies, and political systems met, clashed, influenced and absorbed one another. In the mid-1990s, the Aegean Sea became the main area for deep water formation in the eastern Mediterranean after particularly cold winter conditions. You could also be one of the lucky ones who can obtain a free visa for 90 days. The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth's history, helping to constrain the time of past geomagnetic reversals. Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranean Sea. Note 2: Thracian Sea and Myrtoan Sea are seas that are part of the Aegean Sea. The European Environment Agency says that more than 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, that some of the most important fisheriessuch as albacore and bluefin tuna, hake, marlin, swordfish, red mullet and sea breamare threatened. He has chosen to focus heavily on ancient history (giving it close to 250 out of 650 pages before he reaches the year 600) and al but wraps the youngest centuries up in little more than one hundred pages. The surface waters entering the eastern Mediterranean basin circulate along the Libyan and Israeli coasts. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the Strait of Gibraltar at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the Amazon River. An ambitious effort, but suffers from being a subject that is too large for one book to do it justice. Abulafia's discipline is evidenced that this history excludes the Mesopotamians and the early Egyptians until descendants emerge onto the Sea to attempt to contend. The Mediterranean Sea was referred to by the ancient Egyptians by many such as Wadj-wr/Wadj-Wer/Wadj-Ur due to the existence of papyrus forests. Mediterranean Sea, an intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. [33][34][35] The longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea is the Nile, which takes its sources in equatorial Africa. By: ETP Team Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional). [128], Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low. The best activity is by far boarding a Nile Cruise between Luxor and Aswan or Vise Versa. It was the largest sheet of water with which the Hebrews had any acquaintance. For the entire region, the Sea itself was the most important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times, allowing for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region the Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Semitic, Phoenician, Persian, Greek Carthaginian, and Roman cultures. In this brilliant and expansive book, David Abulafia offers a fresh perspective by focusing on the sea itself: its practical importance for transport and . : Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios", "Alle kennisdossiers van het Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid", "IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species", "Egypt to deepen, widen Suez Canal after blockage - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East", "Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict", "Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change", "Cyprus wetlands in danger of being destroyed by climate change", "Other threats in the Mediterranean | Greenpeace International", "Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. High (i.e. The Sea has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Climate change hot-spots. He was once the great ruler of the Mediterranean Sea and the strongest nation. It is attached to the Atlantic Ocean at the Gibraltar strait which is only 8 miles (13 km) wide and 1,050 feet (320 m) deep, the Bleak Sea at the Sea of Marmara & the Dardanelles, and the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea by the Suez Canal. [22] An Azerbaijani official described the sea as "a burial ground where people die". The author makes a valiant effort, but cant help but jump from one stepping stone to another. This article's main goal is to offer every traveler all the information and facts surrounding the heavenly Mediterranean Sea. Oceanologica Acta, 3(1): 135141. By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61cm (1.2 to 24.0in) as a result of the effects of climate change. [14] According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1million to 1.25million Europeans as slaves. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 marine species in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine biodiversity in coastal areas, continental shelves, and decreases with depth.[108]. The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea that stretches from Asia on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west and it separates between Africa and Europe. He has chosen to focus heavily on ancient history (giving it close to 250 out. There was a resident population of orcas in the Mediterranean until the 1980s, when they went extinct, probably due to long-term PCB exposure. Something went wrong with your request. All of our tours are customized by Travel, Financial & Time consultants to fit your every possible need during your vacation. David Abulafia's "The Great Sea" is the first complete history of the Mediterranean from the erection of the mysterious temples on . A painting by H Letter depicting the third battle of Lepanto. That sea was opened as a commerce highway by the merchants who were getting their goods from Phoenicia. Read more about festivals & publich holidays in Egypt. These waters have different physical and chemical characteristics, and the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre (called Bimodal Oscillating System or BiOS) changes the Mediterranean circulation and biogeochemistry around the Adriatic and Levantine regions. [165][166], Coast of Alexandria, view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt, The beach of la Courtade in the les d'Hyres, France, A view of Raouch off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon, Sunset at the Deir al-Balah beach, Gaza Strip, "Mediterranean" redirects here. Moutin, T., Van Wambeke, F., and Prieur, L. (2012). The productive areas of the Mediterranean Sea are few and small. In Europe from the west side to the east side, there are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, the island state of Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, and Greece. From then on, and especially after World War II, mass tourism to the Mediterranean began with all its advantages and disadvantages. Please try again later. "The Great Sea" ranges stupendously across time and the whole extraordinary space of the Mediterranean from Gibraltar to Jaffa, Venice to Alexandria. It is a great sea of the Atlantic Ocean that is totally enclosed by the land of Europe, Africa, and Asia from the north, south, and east. [citation needed]. The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea that stretches from Asia on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west and it separates between Africa and Europe. I started it last Friday and could not put it. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. The Betic closed about 6 mya, causing the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC); the Rifian or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier Tortonian times, causing a "Tortonian salinity crisis" (from 11.6 to 7.2 mya), long before the MSC and lasting much longer. This led to a preference for the Mediterranean countries and their ports like Trieste with the direct connections to Central and Eastern Europe experienced a rapid economic rise. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who lived there. [158] A global analysis of the impacts of bottom trawling found that the impact on seabed biota was strongly dependent on the type of gear used, with otter trawls estimated as having the smallest impact and removing 6% of biota per pass while hydraulic dredges had the largest impact and removed 41% of biota per pass. [36] Among other important rivers in Africa, are the Moulouya and the Chelif, both on the north side of the Atlas Mountains. All sides of the Mediterranean coastlines tend to have strong maritime moderation. The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species. [138], Oceans are polluted by plastic particles ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to microplastics formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. It has been called "The Incubator of the Western Civilization". [38] The basin of the Rhne is the largest and extends up as far north as the Jura Mountains, encompassing areas even on the north side of the Alps. The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 48(11): 23472372. This inland sea is bordered by Asia on the eastern side, Europe on the north side, and Africa on the south. As a consequence, the river discharges of the Rhne and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin. The average depth of the sea, however, is about 4,900 feet (1,500 m). This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between galleys. Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe. David Abulafia offers a fresh perspective by focusing on the sea itself: its . [15], The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Coastal areas have submarine karst springs or vruljas, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.[96][97]. Some of the ancient cultures such as the levent were known to use colors to showcase the Cardinal Points such as the black sea as the color black refer to the north, red refers to the south, blue & yellow refer to the east, and the white refers to the west. The resulting density difference virtually isolates the surface waters from the rest of the water column and nutrient exchanges are limited. [131] Its southern and eastern coastlines are lined with hot deserts not far inland, but the immediate coastline on all sides of the Mediterranean tends to have strong maritime moderation. the warm and mild climate of the Mediterranean Sea region allowed various ancient countries to flourish, create their own rule, art, science, philosophy, literature, and medicine which led to the creation of the modern-day Western and Middle Eastern culture. From the time of historical Troy until the middle of the nineteenth century, human activity here decisively shaped much of the course of world history. When the circulation is cyclonic, the waters originate from the Levantine Sea. The average of low temperatures vary from 9.5 C in the wintertime to 23 C in the summertime and the average high temperatures vary from 17 C in the wintertime to 32 C in the summertime. This article was written by a group of very knowledgeable and professional tour guides, travel consultants, scholars, and tour operators who know all the facts about the Mediterranean Sea. The underlying energy grid was also intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Maghreb part of Africa (compare Eurafrika for the later impact and Desertec for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid).[106]. In this brilliant and expansive book, David Abulafia offers a fresh perspective by focusing on the sea itself: its practical importance for transport and . Estimates of phytoplankton class-specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color observations: primary production in the Mediterranean. However, the Norsemen developed the trade from Norway to the White Sea, while also trading in luxury goods from Spain and the Mediterranean. The entire world across the ages since the dawn of time was deeply affected by the miraculous powers and easy access to the Mediterranean Sea. As Africa-Arabia drifted northward, it closed over the ancient Tethys Ocean which had earlier separated the two supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana. The countries have tried to extinguish rising man-made chaotic zones[clarification needed] that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring coastal countries, and shipping routes. What Is the Top Traditional Egyptian Food? Located in the southeast of the Mediterranean sea is the Suez Canal which connects it to the Red sea. 70,000 m/s or 2.21012m3/a (7.81013cuft/a). Arabic is the official language and Most Egyptians, who live in the cities, speak or understand English or at least some English words or phrases. CLR [rating:5]. Although it is mostly landlocked, it does connect to the Atlantic Ocean t. THE GREAT SEA A Human History of the Mediterranean: Condition:--not . [37] These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over 1,000m3/s (35,000cuft/s). [93][94], Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the Zanclean flood. The ancients referred to it as "Mare Magnum" which means in roman Great Sea, "Mare Internum" which means Internal Sea, and finally "Mare Nostrum" which is Latin for Our Sea. Why would an articulate historian write such a well-researched book that summarises 1000s of years of history, without having an overarching theme to be supported by all that. The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. Details about THE GREAT SEA A Human History of the Mediterranean See original listing. [145] Ghost nets are also a problematic type of ocean plastic as they can continuously trap marine life in a process known as "ghost fishing". 2015. In addition to the seas, a number of gulfs and straits are recognised: The Mediterranean Sea encompasses about 10,000 islands and islets, of which about 250 are permanently inhabited. Environmental issues", "Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview", "Nanoplastics in snow: The extensive impact of plastic pollution", "Drowning in Plastics Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics", "UN Ocean Conference: Plastics Dumped In Oceans Could Outweigh Fish by 2050, Secretary-General Says", "The rise in ocean plastics evidenced from a 60-year time series", "Research |AMRF/ORV Alguita Research Projects", "Threats to human health by great ocean garbage patches", "Cetacean sightings within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch", "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean", "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea", "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers", "Asia Leads World in Dumping Plastic in Seas", "A Renegade Trawler, Hunted for 10,000 Miles by Vigilantes", Submarine Geomorphology: Bottom Trawling and other Fishing Activities, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, "Global analysis of depletion and recovery of seabed biota after bottom trawling disturbance", "In Brief: Deep-sea Trawling Has "Devastating" Impact, Study Finds", 10398/08c83467-00f6-4f56-9833-1beda9f7734f, "Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life", "Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea", Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera, Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&oldid=1126639127. in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020. The most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, Persians and the Phoenicians, both of which extensively colonized the coastlines of the Mediterranean. Much of the Mediterranean coast enjoys a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. Answer (1 of 4): The Mediterranean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean that is almost completely surrounded by land. Since 2013, over 700,000 migrants have landed in Italy,[25] mainly sub-Saharan Africans. [69][70][71], Another example of a transient event affecting the Mediterranean circulation is the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre, which is an anticyclonic ocean gyre observed in the northern part of the Ionian Sea, off the Greek coast. Now, that's a whole lot of years, and while this book is long, it's really not long enough to go too in depth in any one period or timeline. Also, the climate has usually been unstable and there is evidence of various ancient and modern "Little Ice Ages",[112] and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient to various patterns of human activity. Large open-water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of years but the stocks are now dangerously low. [12] Genoa, Venice and Pisa created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. If you are in Cairo ride a white taxi to move faster or you could board the fastest way of transportation in Egypt metro if the roads are in rush hour. The Mediterranean sea's deepest point is 17,280 feet which are found in the Ionian Sea's Calypso Deep. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.[13]. Approximately 370,000,000t (360,000,000 long tons) of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250300 oil tankers crossing the sea every day. [140] Aquatic life can be threatened through entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion. Launched in 2009, For over three thousand years, the Mediterranean Sea has been one of the great centres of civilization. Major cities (municipalities), with populations larger than 200,000 people, bordering the Mediterranean Sea include: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east):[31]. There are a lot of public holidays in Egypt too many to count either religious or nation, the most important festivals are the holy month of Ramadan which ends with Eid Al Fitr, Christmas and new years eve. In Asia from the north side to the south side, there are Syria, Turkey, the island Republic of Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel. Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the man-made geopolitical conflicts[clarification needed] in the region. The Great Sea: A history of the Mediterranean David Abulafia's new work takes in the entire sweep of the Mediterranean's rich history. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. [118] Tsunamis are also an often underestimated hazard in the region. That being said, I was rather amazed by how the author still managed to not only give an overview, but give . The Mediterranean Sea's only connection to the world's oceans is through a narrow strip of water between Europe and Africa known as the Strait of Gibraltar, as shown here in a image taken from the . Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlanticso much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow submarine current of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. ", "African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals", "Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014", "Sea of Crete | sea, Greece | Britannica", "Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system", "The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting", United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity", "Mediterranean Sea | Facts, History, Islands, & Countries", "The Mediterranean a sea surrounded by land | WWF", Institut de recherche pour le dveloppement, "Malaga Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Costa del Sol", "Barcelona Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Spain", "Marseille Climate: Monthly Weather Averages France", "Naples Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Neapolitan Riviera", "Valletta Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Malta Malta", "Venice Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Venetian Riviera", "Athens Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Greece Greece", "Iraklion Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Crete Crete", "Antalya: Monthly Weather Averages - Antalya Coast - Turkey", "Limassol Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Cyprus", "Mercin (alternate names - Mersin, Mersina, Mersine): Monthly Weather Averages - Turkey", "Tel Aviv Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Israel", "Alexandria Climate: Monthly Weather Averages Egypt", "Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (19861997)", "Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO, "Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO, "Biodiversity loss in a Mediterranean ecosystem due to an extreme warming event unveils the role of an engineering gorgonian species", "Ocean warming is the key filter for successful colonization of the migrant octocoral Melithaea erythraea (Ehrenberg, 1834) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea", "Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis", "Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240612581_The_Messinian_Salinity_Crisis_from_Mega-Deposits_to_Microbiology_-_A_consensus_report_Overview, "Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity", "Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis", "Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis: The Suez Rift Case", "Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis", "UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'", Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review), "Super volcano", global danger, lurks near Pompeii, "Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P. Names of the Sea:This is the name given to the Mediterranean, which formed the western boundary of Palestine (Numbers 34:6 Joshua 15:12, 47 Ezekiel 47:19; Ezekiel 48:28). CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. It led to the rise of the Roman Empire which controlled the Mediterranean Sea and all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant for 400 years. However, the Mediterranean Sea has an average N:P between 24 and 29, which translates a widespread phosphorus limitation. An important destination is the Port of Trieste, the starting point of the Transalpine Pipeline, which covers 40% of Germany's oil demand (100% of the federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Wrttemberg), 90% of Austria and 50% of the Czech Republic. Various zones of subduction contain the highest oceanic ridges, east of the Ionian Sea and south of the Aegean. The residence time of water in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to climate change. Some other seas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present: Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from such associations. It's an impressive sea of words that yields many riches. [111], Human activity was therefore not the cause of climate change but followed it. While the Mediterranean watershed is bordered by other river basins in Europe, it is essentially bordered by endorheic basins or deserts elsewhere. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment. [72], Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects. [101][102] Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a geodynamic point of view.[103][104]. Joshua 9:1 It happened, when all the kings who were beyond the Jordan, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and on all the shore of the great sea in front of Lebanon, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, heard of it. [156], Bottom fishing has operated for over a century on heavily fished grounds such as the North Sea and Grand Banks. Major ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean. However, most of its southeastern coast has a hot desert climate, and much of Spain's eastern (Mediterranean) coast has a cold semi-arid climate, while most of Italy's northern (Adriatic) coast has a humid subtropical climate. While initially, the journey was by train and later by bus or car, today the plane is increasingly used.[164]. Subscribe for latest updates & promotions. Put on sun block during your time in Egypt in the summer to protect yourself from the sun. (2002). The Mediterranean sea carried the vessels of evolution across the world planting the seeds of innovation and progress in every corner of the earth. The water temperatures are known to be mild during the winter and warm during the summer. Some species are Angel shark, Blue Shark, Great white shark, Great Hammerhead, Scalloped Hammered, Thresher Shark, and many more! On 17 November 2004, the United Nations General Assembly urged nations to consider temporary bans on high seas bottom trawling. [111] The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean paradise on Earth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations, dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. Civitarese, G., Gacic, M., Lipizer, M., and Borzelli, G. L. E. (2010). The Mediterranean Sea was mentioned in the Old Testament as Hinder Sea which means Western Sea, Great Sea, and simply The Sea. (ed.) This event was for long the subject of acute scientific controversy, now much appeased,[99] regarding its sequence, geographic range, processes leading to evaporite facies and salt deposits. (2005). Krom, M. D., Thingstad, T. F., Brenner, S., Carbo, P., Drakopoulos, P., Fileman, T. W., Flaten, G. A. F., Groom, S., Herut, B., Kitidis, V., Kress, N., Law, C. S., Liddicoat, M. I., Mantoura, R. F. C., Pasternak, A., Pitta, P., Polychronaki, T., Psarra, S., Rassoulzadegan, F., Skjoldal, E. F., Spyres, G., Tanaka, T., Tselepides, A., Wassmann, P., Wexels Riser, C., Woodward, E. M. S., Zodiatis, G., and Zohary, T. (2005). It lies between latitudes 30 and 46 N and longitudes 6 W and 36 E. Its westeast length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Alexandretta, on the southeastern coast of Turkey, is about 4,000 kilometres (2,500mi). The United Nations Environment Programme has estimated that 650,000,000t (720,000,000 short tons) of sewage, 129,000t (142,000 short tons) of mineral oil, 60,000t (66,000 short tons) of mercury, 3,800t (4,200 short tons) of lead and 36,000t (40,000 short tons) of phosphates are dumped into the Mediterranean each year. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most storied and lovely bodies of water anywhere in the world and it is also one of the saltiest. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature definition, as well as Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Ramsar Convention terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and they are outside their normal area of distribution which is the Indo-Pacific region. The end of the Miocene also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents[clarification needed] for tourism. We have been creating the finest vacations for more than 20 years around the most majestic destinations in Egypt. Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): chemical characterization of the water masses and inferences on the N: P ratios. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(8) :L08707. Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth[clarification needed], causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered species such as sea turtles and monk seals. Barbarossa, the famous Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the Battle of Preveza (1538). deep water. The author makes a valiant effort, but cant help but jump from one stepping stone to another. The Red sea has a Maximum temperature of 28 C (82 F), and a Miniature temperature of 12 C (54 F). the western sea (Deuteronomy 11:24; Deuteronomy 34:2 Joel 2:20 Zechariah 14:8), and "the sea of the Philis" (Exodus 23:31), which, of course, applies especially to the part washing the shore of Philistia, from Jaffa southward. This material is only very slowly degraded or removed from the ocean so plastic particles are now widespread throughout the surface ocean and are known to be having deleterious effects on marine life. 199226. A gorgeous mosaic that pleads for the diversity and cultural exchange to which the shores of an inner sea lend themselves so well. The Climate of the Mediterranean Sea is known to have wet winters and hot, dry summers. [111], The region has a variety of geological hazards which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea, compete with and begin to replace native species they are "Alien Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. It is estimated that every year between 100,000t (98,000 long tons) and 150,000t (150,000 long tons) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities. The History of Rome - Brief Overview Of Roman History from Her Dawn to the First Punic War. After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW waters circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. It is a great sea of the Atlantic Ocean that is totally enclosed by the land of Europe, Africa, and Asia from the north, south, and east. David Abulafia's, It is strange to read such an expansive history book and realise there is no real theme to the book. What are the Best Activities to Do in Egypt? Two cold seas off the coast of Alaska, nearly 3,000 miles from Michigan, appear to increasingly hold the key to how much the Great Lakes will ice over in winter, according to new . The ships on this sea figure in the beautiful vision of Isaiah (60:8).See ACCO; JOPPA.4. (1992). The coastline of the Mediterranean sea extends for 27,600 miles (46,000 kilometers). assume that the major deforestation took place in modern timesthe later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. The Great Sea tells the story of the Mediterranean, starting in 22000BC up to the year 2010. The typical Mediterranean climate has hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. C., Padorno, E., Alvarez-Fanjul, E., and Gomis, D. (2015). Behold the mesmerizing western desert by a safari trip under the heavenly Egyptian skies. [129] The Barcelona Convention aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development. And as in a primeval film, the hitherto azure sky has suddenly become covered with dark, heavy clouds. Circulation patterns are also affected by several other factorsincluding climate, bathymetry, and water chemistry and temperaturewhich are interactive and can induce precipitation of evaporites. Read more about Egypt travel visa. The Gulf of Lion has a relatively high productivity because it is an area of high vertical mixing, bringing nutrients to the surface waters that can be used by phytoplankton to produce Chlorophyll a. The impacts of some Lessepsian species have proven to be considerable, mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a familiar sight. Ezekiel 47:10 It shall happen, that fishermen shall stand by it: from En Gedi even to En Eglaim shall be a place for the spreading of nets; their fish shall be after their kinds, as the fish of the great sea, exceeding many. The Mediterranean is made up of many smaller seas and contains many subdivisions of seas within it that are all much smaller in size. For over three thousand years, the Mediterranean Sea has been one of the great centres of world civilisation. Israel and the Sea: [32] Its size has been estimated between 4,000,000km2 (1,500,000sqmi) and 5,500,000km2 (2,100,000sqmi),[note 1] depending on whether non-active parts (deserts) are included or not. The Mediterranean response to different spacetime resolution atmospheric forcings using perpetual mode sensitivity simulations. When new deep water is formed, the older waters mix with the overlaying intermediate waters and eventually exit the Mediterranean. Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering many local and endemic Mediterranean species. In winter, the strong winds and precipitation over the basin generate vertical mixing, bringing nutrients from the deep waters to the surface, where phytoplankton can convert it into biomass. [19] Wars included Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I and Mediterranean theatre of World War II. The Water volume of the Mediterranean Sea is 3,750,000 km3 (900,000 cu mi). Later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum ("Our Sea"). This really, really long. David Abulafia's new book about the Mediterranean Sea, The Great Sea, has everything a major work of history requires.An important theme, solid research, magnificent writing and a perceptive insight into human nature figure prominently in the pages of his . These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Redfield demonstrated that most of the world's oceans have an average N:P ratio around 16. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization. A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, in: Leppkoski, E. et al. Products from East Asian empires, like silk and spices, were carried from Egypt to ports like Venice and Constantinople by sailors and Jewish merchants. Removing this book will also remove your associated ratings, reviews, and reading sessions. MSC operates approximately 125 naval auxiliary civilian-crewed ships that replenish U.S. Navy ships, strategically prepositions combat cargo at sea and moves military cargo and supplies used by . The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, by Alfred Thomas Grove, Oliver Rackham, Yale University Press, 2003, Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Jean M. Grove, Taylor & Francis, 2004. Its gleaming mirror, stretching away to the sunset, could be seen from many an inland height. (2001). The temperature is moderate all along the coasts. Biogeosciences, 9(10): 38173825. Some research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding-desiccation cycle may have repeated several times, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition. [111], The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. Thomas Fromm "Pipeline durch die Alpen: Alles im Fluss" In: Sddeutsche Zeitung, 26 December 2019. The Tyrrhenian Sea borders the Italian Peninsula to the east, and the islands of Corsica and Sardinia lie to the west of the sea. 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