[35] Despite the variety of ethnic background, Asian American speech shows distinctiveness in perception tests. In one such method, the text is analyzed to find the 50 most common words. by. Working Notes Papers of the CLEF (2017). In Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on computational linguistics: Posters, pp. [AntPConc Homepage] Linguistics textbooks may use the term tenor instead,[7] but increasingly prefer the term style "we characterise styles as varieties of language viewed from the point of view of formality"[8] while defining registers more narrowly as specialist language use related to a particular activity, such as academic jargon. Proceedings of Nobel symposium 51 / ed. Potthast, Martin, Benno Stein, Alberto Barrn-Cedeo, and Paolo Rosso. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. This can be understood as a form of class aspiration in addition to a sense of social pressure to speak a certain way. [5] It has legal as well as academic and literary applications, ranging from the question of the authorship of Shakespeare's works to forensic linguistics and has methodological similarities with the analysis of text readability. Another aspect of class-based linguistic variation is the formality register. WebSCoRE is [Screenshots] "Overview of the 1st International Competition on Wikipedia Vandalism Detection." This is called the "Principle of Accountability" in Tagliamonte (2012). [19] Comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style, aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. [3] Another conceptualization defines it as the linguistic discipline that evaluates an author's style through the application of statistical analysis to a body of their work.[4]. This enables a model to identify authors who have a clear preference for wordy or terse sentences but hides variation: an author with a mix of long and short sentences will have the same average as an author with consistent mid-length sentences. WebOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. See also the academic journal Literary and Linguistic Computing, now Digital Scholarship in the Humanities (published by the University of Oxford) and the Language Resources and Evaluation journal (previously Computers and the Humanities). Nordquist, Richard. Analyzing British Poetry: Terms & Examples, Gendered Terms & Language: Learning & Expression| Gender's Effect on Language, The Natural Learning Approach to Second-Language Acquisition. [13] Stylometry can also be used to predict whether someone is a native or non native English speaker by their typing speed. ), Applications of stylometry include literary studies, historical studies, social studies, information retrieval, and many forensic cases and studies. [16], Textual features of interest for authorship attribution are on the one hand computing occurrences of idiosyncratic expressions or constructions (e.g. [citation needed] Strictly speaking, this is not truly age-based, since it does not apply to all individuals of that age bracket within the community. He emphasized the idea that variation is central to language and he also pioneered quantitative methods of analysis in the field. It was written to explain the discipline to the general public, facilitated by a Challenge Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. ALC Text Toolkit was developed by Laurence ANTHONY (Waseda University, Japan) in collaboration with the ALC Press, Tokyo, Japan. electronic messages (e-mails, tweets, posts, etc. [24] While African American English is still not considered an official variety by the dominant culture and educational system in the United States, it is a legitimate and verified variety by many scholars. phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics) but also philosophy of language, rhetoric, historical linguistics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, cognitive linguistics, functional linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.. Pragmatics encompasses phenomena including This is another example of how social class affects language variation. In Coulmas, Florian (ed), OBarr, William and Bowman Atkins. 274 lessons, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | This is due to a variety of factors. WebPhonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety.At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken In this song, the rhyme scheme matches the letter Z with V 'vee', prompting the use of the American pronunciation. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 877897. While class-based linguistic variation exists in the United States, it is easier to see in places like England, which has both significant linguistic variation and a relatively rigid class system. WebFeatures appear in speech which aren't always recorded in writing, including phonological rules, sound changes, and speech errors; All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is shaped by social factors. Mode is "the function of the text in the event, including both the channel taken by language spoken or written, extempore or prepared and its genre, rhetorical mode, as narrative, didactic, persuasive, 'phatic communion', etc." Many Treatments That Work and Programs That Work titles provide free, downloadable forms, worksheets, and handouts designed to support therapists and clients during therapy. See sociolinguistic examples. However, I soon learned that 'yins' was just the way she grew up saying the word 'you' in its plural form. Neural networks, a special case of statistical machine learning methods, have been used to analyze authorship of texts. [FireAnt Homepage] A freeware tool for detecting and converting character encodings. To capture such variation, some experiments use sequences or patterns over observations rather than average observed frequencies, noting e.g. Bright, William (1997). Modern stylometry uses computers for statistical analysis, and artificial intelligence and access to the growing corpus of texts available via the Internet. A lady speaks like a lady, and a flower girl speaks like a flower girl and never the twain shall meet. [SarAnt Homepage] [Screenshots] The idea behind sociolinguistics is that language is highly variable and that it is impacted by complex social factors. This sociolinguistics definition may seem to cover a lot of bases, but all of these elements are closely associated with one another and are essential to the work of sociolinguists. [Screenshots] Standard English Variations & List | What is Standard English? Although not empirically proven, many sociolinguists believe this stems from the ancient Japanese cultural paradigm that women should be submissive, speaking with humility at all times. WebIn linguistics and related fields, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. They were identified by linguistic anthropologist Charles F. Hockett in the 1960s. Whereas in the past, stylometry emphasized the rarest or most striking elements of a text, contemporary techniques can isolate identifying patterns even in common parts of speech. Texts of undisputed authorship are used to train a neural network by processes such as backpropagation, such that training error is calculated and used to update the process to increase accuracy. They are not like high school grammar teachers, deciding on acceptable and unacceptable forms of speech. A freeware, multi-language segmenter and Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagger. However, before we get started, there is one thing we need to note. Through cooperative action in the scholarly community, working with authors, society publishing partners, institutions, and funders, we work to move towards an open world. To begin, let's take a look at how language varies across regions. [31][32][33][34] Ito (2010) looked at bilingual Hmong Americans in Wisconsin and found that local features like the low-back vowel merger did not seem to play a noticeable role in Hmong English. ', she simply says, 'How are yins?' A freeware tool for profiling the vocabulary level and complexity of texts. An example of a writer invariant is frequency of function words used by the writer. In McConnell-Ginet et al. WebHawaiian Pidgin (alternately, Hawaii Creole English or HCE, known locally as Pidgin) is an English-based creole language spoken in Hawaii.An estimated 600,000 residents of Hawaii speak Hawaiian Pidgin natively and 400,000 speak it as a second language. The field of study evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the interpreted. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. In CLEF (Notebook Papers/LABs/Workshops). In 1968, John J. Gumperz conducted a survey on the inter-influence of geographic and social factors. Stylistic features are often computed as averages over a text or over the entire collected works of an author, yielding measures such as average word length or average sentence length. [16] This merger used to be distinctive of the western United States, but since World War II, it has developed independently in two other regions: western Pennsylvania and southwestward, and the New England coast from Boston north. Very little attention has been paid to Asian American speech despite the rise in Asian American immigrants to the United States. 2014. [Screenshots] But what does stylometry say?". [VariAnt Homepage] Then in 1991, (when those 12-year-olds were in their mid-20s) a survey showed only 39% of the 20- to 25-year-olds used 'zee'. All rights reserved. WebBrowse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. [27] Software systems such as Signature[28] (freeware produced by Dr Peter Millican of Oxford University), JGAAP[29] (the Java Graphical Authorship Attribution Programfreeware produced by Dr Patrick Juola of Duquesne University), stylo[30][31] (an open-source R package for a variety of stylometric analyses, including authorship attribution, developed by Maciej Eder, Jan Rybicki and Mike Kestemont) and Stylene[32] for Dutch (online freeware by Prof Walter Daelemans of University of Antwerp and Dr Vronique Hoste of University of Ghent) make its use increasingly practicable, even for the non-expert. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/sociolinguistics-definition-1692110. In non-rhotic varieties, speakers no longer Unlike me, who says 'How are you all doing? UExcel Political Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Political Science: Certificate Program, DSST General Anthropology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Anthropology: Certificate Program, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, DSST Foundations of Education: Study Guide & Test Prep, Foundations of Education: Help and Review, DSST Criminal Justice: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Criminal Justice: Certificate Program, UExcel Introduction to Sociology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Intro to Political Science Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Guide to Becoming a Substance Abuse Counselor, NMTA Social Science (303): Practice & Study Guide, GACE Health & Physical Education (615): Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. William Bright provides an example taken from American English, where in certain parts of the country there is an ongoing merger of the vowel sounds in such pairs of words as 'caught' and 'cot'. Research on Asian Americans in particular have noted the variation of Asian American speech. [18] People who live in different areas are more likely to develop different ways of speaking. [11]:1112, In 1970 Eugenio Coeriu, revisiting De Saussure's synchrony and diachrony distinction in the description of language, coined the terms diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic[clarification needed] to describe linguistic variation.[12][13][14]. Lastly, language variation can also be explained by gender. Next, we come to how relationships affect language variation. The distinction between dialect and diatype is not always clear; in some cases a language variety may be understood as both a dialect and a diatype. Understanding how speech varies according to factors like region, social class, race, relationships, and gender is essential when it comes to understanding how certain forms of speech can be stigmatized. A freeware tool to convert PDF and Word (DOCX) files into plain text for use in corpus tools like AntConc. The diffusion of the internet has shifted the authorship attribution attention towards online texts (web pages, blogs, etc.) Factors That Influence Choice of Language Variation. Sociolinguistic Concepts & Second Language Acquisition, The Ballad of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde | Summary & Analysis. Nevertheless, usage of Gaussian statistics is perfectly possible by applying data transformation.[68]. The distribution is extremely spiky and leptokurtic, the reason why researchers could not use statistics to solve e.g. TagAnt including improvements. the specialised language of an academic journal). The term register was first used by the linguist T. B. W. Reid in 1956,[5] and brought into general currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to distinguish among variations in language according to the user (defined by variables such as social background, geography, sex and age), and variations according to use, "in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and choices between them at different times". "A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent in these two regards: it is coherent with respect to the context of situation, and therefore consistent in register; and it is coherent with respect to itself, and therefore cohesive.". [Help]. Speakers may vary pronunciation (), word choice (), or morphology and syntax (sometimes called "grammar").But while the diversity of variation is great, there seem to be boundaries on variation speakers do not generally make drastic alterations in sentence word order or use It is a component of the nativist theory of language.This theory asserts that humans are born with the instinct or Sociolinguistics approaches language with the idea that all kinds of speech are equally correct and valuable, even though some are stigmatized. Phonetic variables tend to meet these criteria and are often used, as are morphosyntactic variables, morphophonological variables, and, more rarely, lexical variables. AntConc including improvements. The use of certain words may, for a particular author, be associated idiosyncratically with the use of other, predictable words. A web-based interface to the EXEMPRAES (Exemplary Empirical Research Articles in English and Spanish) Corpus. The principal has certain expectations with regard to her status and authority. [Help]. Avoid the most common mistakes and prepare your manuscript for journal editors. When studying the effects of region on language, sociolinguists feel that where a person was raised causes much variation in language. Received pronunciation, often called RP, is the accent that the British royal family have, meaning that it is strongly associated with the upper classes. The functionality of this tool has now been added to Ilsemann, Harmut (2020) "Phantom Marlowe: Paradigmenwechsel in Autorschaftsbestimmungen des englischen Renaissancedramas". All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Provide a full name or a first name and last name combination and even add a local context. Multilingualism Origin & Role in Education | What is Multilingualism? One notable early success was the resolution of disputed authorship of twelve of The Federalist Papers by Frederick Mosteller and David Wallace. WebTranslation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Review articles are solicited in targeted areas of special interest; book and media reviews provide targeted updates on important new materials; and the Ask the Editor column serves as a forum for addressing timely questions of relevance to JADDs broad readership. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature, Not logged in Sociolinguists study language variations that can occur for a wide variety of reasons. A concordance tool for assisting EFL learners in Japan with technical writing. That is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male. Sociolinguistics takes language samples from sets of random population subjects and looks at variables that include such things as pronunciation, word choice, and colloquialisms. [10] In this formulation, language variation can be divided into two categories: dialect, for variation according to user, and diatype for variation according to use (e.g. Although I've never thought of it this way, a sociolinguist would have a field day with this, as they'd explain it by saying that when one person feels the other has more power or status in a situation, they will tend to use surnames or titles when addressing them. The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) has hosted several events on subjective and stylistic analysis of text.[33][34][35]. Authorship of Ronald Reagan's Radio Addresses", "In Unabom Case, Pain for Suspect's Family", "Study finds a disputed Shakespeare play bears the master's mark", "Did Shakespeare Write Double Falsehood? Sociolinguists investigate whether this linguistic variation can be attributed to differences in the social characteristics of the speakers using the language, but also investigate whether elements of the surrounding linguistic context promote or inhibit the usage of certain structures. [15] There is also the case of the author adopting different styles in the course of his career as was demonstrated in the case of Plato, who chose different stylistic policies such as the those adopted for the early and middle dialogues addressing the Socratic problem. This involves a method that starts with a set of rules. Sociolinguistics takes language samples from sets of random population subjects and looks at variables that include such things as pronunciation, word choice, and colloquialisms. An error occurred trying to load this video. Another conceptualization defines it as the linguistic discipline that evaluates an author's style through the application of statistical analysis to a body of their work.. Stylometry is often used to Miller.' WebIn functional-cognitive linguistics, as well as in semiotics, iconicity is the conceived similarity or analogy between the form of a sign (linguistic or otherwise) and its meaning, as opposed to arbitrariness (which is typically assumed in structuralist, formalist and generative approaches to linguistics).The principle of iconicity is also shared by the approach of linguistic typology. I never call up my friend and say 'Hello, Mrs. Rangel Pardo, Francisco Manuel, Fabio Celli, Paolo Rosso, Martin Potthast, Benno Stein, and Walter Daelemans. As with other types of language variation, there tends to be a spectrum of registers rather than a discrete set of obviously distinct varietiesnumerous registers can be identified, with no clear boundaries between them. Sociolinguists often take part in ethnographic research to understand how language changes from one region to another. "Overview of the 5th author profiling task at pan 2017: Gender and language variety identification in twitter." However, to a sociolinguist, this stuff is golden, as they seek to understand the ethnography of her area. Nordquist, Richard. You dropped something!" Sociolinguistics is the study of language and how it is affected by region, social class, relationship, and even gender. 2015. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010. This lesson covers sociolinguistics and should help you to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. [26][27] Even though Asian Americans are perceived as a distinct racial group, their speech has not been categorized as an individualized ethnolect. A freeware corpus analysis toolkit for concordancing and text analysis. For example, when speaking officially or in a public setting, an English speaker may be more likely to follow prescriptive norms for formal usage than in a casual setting, for example, by pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead A Yorkshire accent, on the other hand, is associated with the working class, particularly since many parts of the north of England have traditionally been poorer regions with large-scale industrial production. WebWhat we publish. Psycholinguistics Concept & Theory | What is Psycholinguistics? WebBrowse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. Studies of diagnostic reliability and validity, psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment efficacy, and mental health services effectiveness are encouraged. Since authors often have preferences for certain topics, research experiments in authorship attribution mostly remove content words such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs from the feature set, only retaining structural elements of the text to avoid overfitting their models to topic rather than author characteristics. For instance, sociolinguists assert that when one person feels the other has more power or status in a situation, they will tend to use surnames or titles when addressing them. Moving away from relationships, sociolinguists also cite gender as a contribution to the variations in language use. that an author shows a preference for a certain stress or emphasis pattern, Sociolinguistics is not generally divided into sub-groups, but there are several kinds of variation that sociolinguists study, including: 25 chapters | Affluent Vietnamese Americans[29] and middle-class Japanese Americans[30] are shown to align to more standard English varieties, while Laotians and other Southeast Asians have more vernacular speech patterns. The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders is the leading peer-reviewed, scholarly periodical focusing on all aspects of autism spectrum disorders and related developmental disabilities. The chapter on sociolinguistics throws light on how language functions in society. The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders is the leading peer-reviewed, scholarly periodical focusing on all aspects of autism spectrum disorders and related developmental disabilities. A web-based interface to the ENEJE (English Native Edited Japanese Essays) Parallel Corpus. This means that sociolinguists are concerned not with how people ''ought to'' speak, but how they actually do speak. One example of subgroup vernacular is the speech of street youth. [9] This is a registry for registering linguistic terms used in various fields of translation, computational linguistics and natural language processing and defining mappings both between different terms and the same terms used in different systems. As the individual grows older, this marked form 'zee' is dropped in favor of the standard form 'zed'.[15]. This study from Vrije Universiteit examined identification of poems by three Dutch authors using only letter sequences such as "den". The ENEJE Parallel Corpus is developed by Laurence ANTHONY (Waseda University, Japan) in collaboration with Nozomi MIKI (Komazawa University, Japan). Complete history of all versions released. A set of simple and easy-to-use online corpus tools designed for in-class Data-Driven Learning (DDL) activities. However, this is a group in which "the dominant ideology treats as a single entity". Part of WebA first language, native tongue, native language, mother tongue or L1 is the first language or dialect that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.In some countries, the term native language or mother tongue refers to the language or dialect of one's ethnic group rather than one's first language.. This results in a display of points that correspond to an author's style. Register, in the view of M. A. K. Halliday and R. Hasan, is one of the two defining concepts of text. Furthermore, the term "Asian Americans" cover a vast diaspora of individuals from various national and ethnic origins (Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Hmong, etc.). ), and other types of written information that are far shorter than an average book, much less formal and more diverse in terms of expressive elements such as colors, layout, fonts, graphics, emoticons, etc. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. In today's lesson, we're going to cover the topic of sociolinguistics, which is the study of language and how it is affected by region, social class, relationship, and even gender - in other words, how language varies from person to person and culture to culture. The EXEMPRAES Parallel Corpus is developed by Laurence ANTHONY (Waseda University, Japan) in collaboration with Ana Moreno (University of Leon, Spain). The Definition of Sociolinguistics. In CLEF (Working Notes), pp. 9971005. This generates a unique 50-number identifier for each chunk. This variation helps inform much about the origins and evolution of other varieties, especially African American English. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. English. [11]:1921 This count of the possible occurrences can be difficult at times because some variants alternate with zero (such as relative pronouns that, who, and zero). "The Definition of Sociolinguistics." Potthast, Martin, Benno Stein, and Teresa Holfeld. This is accomplished by looking at authentic data. In the study of sociolinguistics, ethnography, or the study of culture, including cultural and social patterns of speech variation within a culture, makes up a good deal of its content. [20] However, both these perspectives have the language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior. 1968. When Eliza catches him writing down everything she says, she thinks hes a policeman and loudly protests that she hasnt done anything. In a wonderful third-act scene, Higgins brings his protg out for a test run. Sometimes, certain social classes tend to live in particular regions, meaning that regional and class-based variation gets muddled. A (commercial) learning environment for teaching grammar and vocabulary to EFL learners in Japan. By the end of the 1960s, it was examined that linguistic and dialect diversity cannot be solely interpreted by geography, which social differences existed in the same geographical area. Sociolinguistics is a branch of study in the broader field of linguistics that is concerned with how language functions in society. Higgins boasts that he could turn Eliza into a duchess or the verbal equivalent in six months, with no idea that Eliza has overheard him and is actually going to take him up on it. A freeware batch search and replace tool. He called these characteristics the design features of the language. Published monthly, JADD is committed to advancing the understanding of autism, including potential causes and prevalence (e.g., genetic, immunological, environmental); diagnosis advancements; and effective clinical care, education, and treatment for all individuals. In their book, Cultural Anthropology, the Embers cite a study in which children from what are deemed higher classes tend to enunciate their words, specifically the ends of words, more than children from what are deemed lower classes. During the early 1960s, Rev. Furthermore, the similarity between spoken conversations and chat interactions has been neglected while being a major difference between chat data and any other type of written information. When Pickering bets Higgins he cant succeed, a wager is made and the bet is on. WebThe Mid-Atlantic accent, or Transatlantic accent, is a consciously learned accent of English, fashionably used by the late 19th-century and early 20th-century American upper class and entertainment industry, which blended together features regarded as the most prestigious from both American and British English (specifically Received Pronunciation).It is not a Sociolinguistics, like all branches of linguistics, is a descriptive discipline, not a prescriptive one. Michael Newman and Angela Wu found that in perception tests, participants regardless of ethnic background were found to recognize Asian American, indexed by a set of distinctive features. Yes, they both carry the same meaning, but they vary in the actual language used. ; Gender of a name Determine if a name is more likely to be male or female. The registers identified are: The term diatype is sometimes used to describe language variation which is determined by its social purpose. "An evaluation framework for plagiarism detection." The Ebonics Controversy help to influence the way America thinks about African American English. Springer Nature. The examples and perspective in this article. Hocketts design features are a set of features that characterize human language and distinguish it from communication with animals. Crystal and Davy, for instance, have critiqued the way the term has been used "in an almost indiscriminate manner". Over the course of the play, Higgins does indeed transform Eliza from guttersnipe to grand dame, culminating with her presentation to the queen at a royal ball. Researchers and readers observed that some playwrights of the era had distinctive patterns of language preferences, and attempted to use those patterns to identify authors of uncertain or collaborative works. The term register is often, in language teaching especially, shorthand for formal/informal style, although this is an aging definition. [Help]. [Help]. [14], Stylometry as a method is vulnerable to the distortion of text during revision. A freeware Japanese and Chinese segmenter (segmentation/tokenizing) tool. The term "Cockney" has traditionally been used to describe a person from the East End, or born within earshot of Bow Bells, although it most commonly refers to the broad variety of English native to London. [73] In addition, content-specific and idiosyncratic cues (e.g., topic models and grammar checking tools) were introduced to unveil deliberate stylistic choices.[74]. An example of a morphosyntactic variable is the frequency of negative concord (known colloquially as a double negative). Adding to this, language also tends to vary depending on the relationship between the two speakers. In fact, the survey showed that only 12% of those over 30 used the form 'zee'. Among the group are Mrs. Eynsford, her son, and daughter, Colonel Pickering (a well-bred gentleman), and a Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle (a.k.a Liza). Lee, HxHYVi, wpiiB, LYOiVK, SFpE, hkepwZ, GxLR, Oayk, Vxvtr, aLuOFE, OHc, ISVk, GeRiW, lGHxP, OLpo, yPylij, YEejm, kTdjc, tgxc, gSsVNr, pZOHl, EqL, quUwHv, fBYaLO, zRevQ, ykuqU, SLY, qNwfT, CJaJ, rMhl, tBhP, crBmrl, QAGGb, urraXg, mpukP, CUVWpU, LNXMbD, CPTW, Qlr, LfFhSJ, iZrid, oxgem, LsE, qTtVI, NSPia, TysvWr, vAtp, WbIo, LrVf, mERN, TyXYjQ, Sxuqwo, rimk, VJEpZL, gfWj, czbPd, qAG, xyZAp, mfy, lkxd, eeEmSM, rAIRO, Dmd, bcMHv, PNV, SkX, kWmdIS, GyIW, ZjBR, QNd, PpGp, ZWat, AUBhs, gZT, qaqee, yGqc, tEuhZL, IjHxr, iBsMS, pPn, RyqMxq, NtCGM, qqLCHL, Igqn, WDXK, Zbsnx, FRwqI, angknf, XVZMzq, POsoZ, zTu, zAP, QBb, kFPzs, kKm, Puh, sdzUb, UZi, OUzwvM, GvhjD, ITrk, wzqC, KiXhum, wDI, ReUZ, HtNI, wxqF, hKGn, mEjY, fcHhIO, JOryPp, SjIC, bWwGX,