Ethnicity. In Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Still other strands are closely linked to political and economic lifein modern Africa, in which leaders depend on the backing of their ethnicgroups and reward them with power and influence. Ethnic labels allow complex social, economic, and political issues to bereduced to a simple case of us against them. In such situations, ethnicidentity can harden, and people may be willing to suffer or inflict violenceon behalf of their ethnic group. Indigenous People Culture & Movements | Who are Indigenous People? The UK offers many good examples of ethnicity that is not defined by race. In the 1950s the European population of North Africa numberedabout 2 million. Inancient times, the Egyptians knew the land of NUBIA as a source of richgold mines. The U.S. military was also segregated. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. A identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. This text is an overview of the anthropological perspective of ethnicity, and of the primary controversies that surround the concept. In what is nowNIGERIA, for example, the British regarded the FULANI as more advancedthan other peoples and allowed them to be governed by their own institutionsand chiefs. people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture. The country'slargest non-Arab population group is probably the Dinka, who livealong the southern Nile. Although most of the members of this larger group donot know each other, they may see themselves as having more in commonwith each other than with people of other ethnic groups. The term "ethnic neighbourhoods" is typically applied by the broader national culture of a country to certain urban spaces where cultural traits of a distinct The rest of this article discusses patterns of ethnicity and ethnicgroups of Africa by region. World religions such as Islam and Christianity are perhaps the least ethnicallydivided institutions in central Africa. Public Participation GIS, Participatory GIS, and Participa Science and Technology Studies (STS) in Geography. During the 1970s Ugandan leader Idi AMIN DADA took advantageof these sharp divisions by explaining his government's failures asthe treachery of one ethnic group after another. 25 chapters | Ethnic is one such word, along with race, that has a complex and controversial meaning. As a largely nomadic culture, the Romani have been persecuted as they spread out across Europe and into the Americas. In ethnic conflict research, the terms ethnic group, communal group, ethnic community, people, and minority are mostly used interchangeably. In periods of extreme drought, the nomadic Tuareg of the westAfrican Sahara withdrew to the cities and took up trades and businesses. In western Africa, however, European colonial powersmade ethnic categories more rigid than they had been before. Turkey controlled most of North Africafor several hundred years, followed by French, British, and Italiancolonies. They lived there thousands of years ago, when adventuroustraders and settlers arrived from Phoenicia, a land at the eastern endof the Mediterranean Sea. An ethnic group is a community or population of people who share a common cultural heritage, history, or descent. AfterUganda gained independence in 1962, two political parties emerged. Williams, Raymond. Jenkins, Richard. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Ethnic groups are different than races. First published 2003. Assimilation theories dominated the social sciences in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s, while strands of biological inheritance and race remained debatable within ethnic studies. She has a Master's degree in History. In the United States, for example, much of the population would likely be referred to as ethnically European because their ancestral roots are in one of many European countries. Their success and growth depends on self-sufficiency, and is coupled with economic prosperity. Although many associations are organized along ethnic lines anddesigned to promote ethnic identification, numerous recreational,sports, and religious organizations resemble society in general and aremultiethnic. Hiebert, Daniel. Even after independence, some central African politicians and intellectualshave continued to reinforce the colonial concept of tribes,which favors certain individuals and groups. Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing? It left a lasting mark onAfrica and changed relations between ethnic groups. Initially encapsulating essentialized notions of place attachment (territoriality) stemming from social Darwinism and environmental determinism, the meaning and use of ethnicity evolved into more of a socially constructed concept, replacing the politically loaded and controversial term race following the Second World War. A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments, giving local regions more autonomy. The political function of ethnicity is more important today than ever, as a result of the spread of doctrines of freedom, self-determination, and democracy throughout the world. Inuits control the government and Inuktitut is taught in schools. American Indian or Alaska NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific IslanderWhite 2d ed. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. At the same time, members of North Africa's Jewish communitiesdeparted in large numbers for Europe or Israel. factorial experiment is conducted with three replications. Even where more democratic governments exist, supportfor political parties tends to follow ethnic or regional lines. In 1884, European countries meet in Germany to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. With the tide of European immigration in the 19th century, many ethnic groups created their own communities in the cities, such as Catholic Irish, Italians and Poles, along with Jews from eastern Europe. For example: Kurds and Palestinians. The new decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} For instance, the Irish ethnicity is built around Celtic heritage, including their ancestral language, Gaelic, their folk traditions, and their shared Catholic religion. The term ethnic cleansing, They have adopted Islam and claim Arabancestry. However, individually these people would probably identify their ethnicity by a specific country like Italy or Ireland, or a region. Ethnicity. We develop a The same safe and trusted content for explorers of all ages. Berber culture faced its most serious challenge beginning in the mid-600s, when Arabs from the Arabian peninsula invaded North Africa in aseries of waves. In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion.Religions or beliefs are often associated with a particular ethnic group.When this happens, it becomes known as an "Ethnic religion. The colonial powers divided the peoples of UGANDA, KENYA, andTANZANIA into separate tribes, usually ignoring the complex relationsof marriage and trade between regions and peoples. Ethnicity is one of the longest lasting and most powerful types of group identities. In sociology, an ethnic enclave is a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity. The Zulu state formed in the mid-1800s when many independentchiefdoms that shared culture and languages came under therule of the Zulu king. The words ethnic and ethnicity come from ethnos, a Greek word meaning nation. The Greek word originally referred to communities that shared a common ancestry. Over the centuries,many of them also adopted the Arabic language and marriedArabs. The northernmost territory of Canada and ethnic homeland to the indigenous Inuits whose name means "homeland" in the Inuktitut language. Assimilation may be forced or voluntary, or somewhere in between. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or Definition: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. This way of regarding ethnic groups suited the French and Britishstrategy of divide and rule. They found it easier to control people whothought of themselves as many separate populations with separateinterests. After independence,however, ethnic distinctions reappeared as groups struggledfor the power once held by colonial administrations. Later, groups from Latin America and Asia replaced the Europeans. Its chief historic significance has been and remains its relationship to the nation-state, whose primary goal is political unity, which tends to be identified with social unity. Omissions? ethnic cleansing, the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups. Means "separateness". That identityreceived official recognition through the policy of apartheid whenthe South African government created a territory called KwaZulu as theZulu homeland. Since the end of apartheid, some Zulu politicianscontinue to emphasize the rich Zulu history and to campaign for a selfgoverningZulu region or even a fully independent state. Ethnic Neighborhoods Definition. Ex: Russians in Russia. This is similar to the Romani, who originated in northern India but have since identified with no specific ancestral homeland. Includes use of national symbols, flags, songs, emphasizing a shared culture, attitudes, and emotions. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complex mix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. The previous example illustrates how difficult it is to define or identify a person's ethnicity, which is why many demographers and government institutions use broad categories. A voluntary community within a city where people of common ethnicity reside by choice. The difficulty of defining ethnicity in southern Africa is illustrated bythe ZULU. Ex: the Kurdish desire for an independent Kurdistan. In the US, the term is commonly used to describe an impoverished, urban, black enclave neighborhood. These communities provide many benefits for ethnic minorities, such as a common use of their native language, nearby kin, stores and services reflecting cultural taste/preference, and religious institutions. Similar methods were employed by their French contemporaries as they extended their conquests into the langue doc region of southern Europe. Forced assimilation was imposed in early modern times by the English conquerors, themselves an amalgam of Saxon and Norman elements, when they suppressed the native language and religion in the Celtic lands of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In 19th-century Europe, these doctrines influenced various movements for the liberation of ethnic minorities from the old European empires and led to some partially successful attempts to establish nation-states along ethnic lines, as in the case of Poland and Italy. A unifying characteristic that binds a state together, such as a common language, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. For example, the Chaga, who live in the foothills ofMount Kilimanjaro, have enjoyed success in farming and business. Based on the notion that some groups were racially or ethnicallysuperior to others, the colonial powers gave favored groups somedegree of self-rule or even control over other groups. Create your account. While Sollors 1986 provides a historians perspective on the concept through literary criticism, geographers have tended to work alongside sociologists, and to a certain extent anthropology, through the subdisciplines of social and cultural geography. Ex: France and China. 's' : ''}}. Ethnic Groups in America Map & Examples | What is the Racial Makeup of the United States? He spent 38 years in Prison for protesting the South African government. Ethnic groups tend to compete,striving to improve their positions. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term. These communities were used in many states to segregate religious and ethnic minorities. When real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their homes at low prices, preying on fears of the integration of black families and declining property values. Updates? Sudan has identified about 20 major ethnicgroups and more than 100 languages or dialects. Ex: USA and Belgium, When the boundaries of the state follow those of the nationality Ex: Iceland and Japan, The desire of a nation or ethnic group to have state boundaries match ethnic boundaries. Captives from different nations were mixed together, so it was more difficult for them to talk and plan rebellions. Ethnicity. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Indigenous Peoples and the Global Indigenous Movement. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. In Switzerland, for instance, the three major ethnic groups are concentrated in separate cantons, or districts, with each enjoying a large measure of local control. Many people use languages such asEnglish and Swahili on occasion rather than their traditional local languages. In Peachs article on social geography, he begins with a section on Ethnicity and Social Geography, which outlines some of the more recent scholarship within ethnicity-related geography. Ethnicity. On the fringes of such statesbut still under the state's influencepeople lived in societies based onlocal kinship groups. Application: An A trade pattern during the 17th and 18th centuries in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, South America, and southern North America (middle passage), sugar, molasses, and other raw materials to Europe, and manufactured trade goods, such as rum, cloth, and guns to Africa. Among other things, you probably speak the same language, celebrate the same traditions, and share a common history with others in the group. This viewpoint has led to bitter confrontations and, in some cases, tolarge-scale violence. Until the 20th century ethnic diversity posed no great problems for empires. Rather, the conflicts are the legacy of the colonial era,which invented artificial categories, broke up relations among societies,and fostered resentment and competition among ethnic groups. But both public policy and public opinion also contributed to American assimilation. They may present that identity differently in various circumstances. Today Nubians, a non-Arab Muslim group in southernEgypt and northern Sudan, speak several languages including Arabic. Western Africa didnot return to its precolonial state after independence. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction of monuments, cemeteries, and houses of worship. Summary. this page. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? In ZAMBIA this process has given rise to mega-ethnicgroups such as the Bemba. For example, Yugoslavia. The Irish and Scottish groups, on the other hand, can be differentiated by their unique history. A comprehensive and generalized text on the concept of ethnicity that includes many of the important topics of study within ethnic studies, including race and ethnicity, migration, and nationalism. Through considerably less brutal methods, the Chinese ethnic groups in Thailand and Indonesia have been legally induced to adopt the dominant culture through a process called directed acculturation.. ""Ethnic Religions"s are contradictory to universal religions, such as Christianity or Islam, because gaining converts is a not a primary objective and, the religion, is limited to ethnic, Peach, Ceri. When banks draw red lines on a map to identify areas where they refuse to loan money, labeling them as "high risk areas" - these are minority neighborhoods. Ex: Hitler's annexation of all German-speaking areas in the 1930s. Ability of a nation or state to have control of its internal affairs. In many countries, small ethnic groups havemerged into larger regional bodies that compete for political power atthe national level. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on Ethnicity. A nationality that is not represented by a state. But many peoplehave complex ties to rural cultures as well. While Williams 1985 emphasizes the changing nature of ethnicitys meaning contextually over time, Hiebert 2009 outlines the important transitions and controversies that surround the study of ethnicity within geography. To begin, Hiebert 2009 and Williams 1985 each offer generalized descriptions and a history of the word ethnicity, and demonstrate how the meaning of this word evolved over the past few centuries. One of the most common ethnicities that you've probably heard mentioned is Arab, which refers to people from western Asia and northern Africa. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965, ending with the Civil Rights Act. Other distinctions existed as well. They cover large areas, often overlapping state and provincial borders and have sizable ethnic populations. Leader of the African National Congress (ANC), a political party in South Africa, that fought for the rights of Black South Africans. **Sticker price**. Borders drawn for these colonies did not consider the ethnic groups and lands, combining tribes into colonies and splitting others across boundary lines. Since the end of apartheid in the 1990s, South Africa has had a continuingdebate about ethnic identity. Ethnicity is a concept that has been studied extensively within American and British sociology since the 1920s, yet only in the past few decades has it expanded into other countries and infiltrated multiple disciplines. A Nupe was anyoneconsidered a subject by the Nupe ruler. Local groups or district groups may merge into a larger group across anation or region. Segregation of public (state-sponsored) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, although in some cases it took years for this decision to be acted on. Colonization was not just a temporary phase. 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This system burdened poor Blacks in the South after the Civil War with high interest rates and heavy debts. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons In this case, these individuals could accurately be categorized as being of Celtic ethnicity, which also includes the Welsh, but that doesn't mean they're the same. Suppose a Ethnic enclave ap human geography. Rather than integrate, the emigration of whites from an area, typically from the city to the suburbs, in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area. Identity with people who share a biological ancestor. Ethnicity. The voyage took three to four months and, during this time, the enslaved people mostly lay chained in rows on the floor of the hold or on shelves that ran around the inside of the ships' hulls. His series of articles within the journal Progress in Human Geography is important for geographers, as it provides a number of important contributors and governing themes in ethnic studies. Yet ethnic identity can inspirepride and hope and unite people in groups for effective political andsocial action. Today, however, everyday life is multiethnic again,especially in towns but increasingly in rural areas as well. However, many othergroups also make North Africa their home, and the population of SUDANis especially diverse. Later, the Romans referred to the Berbers asNumidians. Many of the towns of central Africa began as settlements created bycolonial authorities to meet the needs of government and industry. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Current examples: Chinatown in LA and the Orthodox Jewish neighborhood of Miami (close to synagogues and kosher food). Why? The two parties formed an alliance,but within a few years a power struggle shattered the alliance, and theparty of the Ganda king was banned. Berbers are divided into a number of smallerethnic groups. Updated on January 26, 2018. For example, if an American is of European ancestry, they might identify their ethnicity by specific European countries (i.e., Poland). They produced maps showing separate ethnic groups with clearboundaries between them. Kenya'sborders with Tanzania, ETHIOPIA, Sudan, and SOMALIA also disregardedethnic relationships. As a people, they have been oppressed and victimized by other groups in the region for a very long time. Townspeople learn to communicate in a common language,and they share the common experiences of urban life. Politicians and ethnic leaderswith varying interests have tried various approaches, including sponsoringethnic festivals and associations, working to define the historiesand folklore of ethnic groups, and calling for the return of traditionalleadership. Despite its great diversity, theArab population of North Africa is unified to some extent by shared language,religion, and culture. For each of the following scenarios, form an ANOVA table, conduct the appropriate tests, and interpret the results: For example, in the United States, a Mexican-American's ethnicity might be referred to as Hispanic or Latino, which generally describes their race or ancestral language, not their ethnicity. If you wanted to be specific, the ethnically Irish and ethnically Scottish could be differentiated by the unique aspects of their cultural heritage such as traditions, or they could be separated based on their different histories as a people. But it is also always changing and adapting to new circumstances. Groups can have power and attempt to leverage that power to obtain needed World History and Geography: Modern Times, Write your own definition of the term. Today, however, it refers toa cluster of groups in northern Zambia that has adopted Bemba as ashared language. Most have been more concerned with local autonomy than with national identity. An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. In the north, most people areMuslim and identify themselves as Arabs even if they are ethnicallymixed. Why. In Uganda, for instance, the Ganda ethnic group was favored by theBritish and acquired more power and status than other groups. A wider sense ofZulu identity only emerged after about 1920, as a result of changesbrought by migrating workers and the decay of the old order. When a farmer works fields rented from a landowner and pays rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. Political events have also created upheavals in ethnic identity. Was used as an alternative to term for race. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! Residents of these areas tend to enjoy some measure of political autonomy or self- rule. Spanish Muslims settled in TUNISIAbetween the 1200s and 1500s. The ethnic conflicts that have plaguedwestern Africa since that time are partly the result of colonialism. (See also Boundaries inAfrica; Colonialism in Africa; Diaspora, African; Genocide andViolence; Languages; Nationalism; Neocolonialism; Tribalism; andindividual ethnic groups and countries. People of common ancestry and cultural heritage, often living as a minority in a larger society or host culture. The people of the group are bound together by common ties of language, nationality, culture, and a shared history. pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group ) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. A classic and an influential text, Keywords is a compilation of words in English in which Williams traces, primarily through literature, their evolving meaning. The belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. In Kenya, for example,the Nandi, Turkana, and Pokot peoples allied themselves under thename Kalenjin. The term is usually used to refer to either a residential area or a workspace with a high concentration of ethnic firms. Fenton 2010 covers many of the important controversies that surround the complex and dynamic notion of ethnicity, whereas Hutchinson and Smith 1996 is a collection of works from some of the important and influential thinkers on the topic throughout the 20th century. When a state has two or more ethnicities that contribute cultural features to the formation of a single nationality. belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. An ethnic group with some form of governance structure is an ethnic nation. The question of how to balance ethnic and national identity will likelyremain a central issue of political life throughout the African continent. Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. Historically the term dates from medieval Europe when Jews lived in segregated, walled communities. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Sometimes conflict erupts between people of different ethnic groups. An ethnic group is a social group or category of the population that is set apart from other groups in a society. An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background ethnic substrate regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland A group identified on the basis of religion, color or national origin A group who share a common identity. Another way of dealing with ethnic diversity, one that holds more promise for the future, is the development of some form of pluralism, which usually rests on a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. By. Ex: Break-up of Yugoslavia. Others, such as Fenton 2010 and Hutchinson and Smith 1996, provide comprehensive overviews of the concept of ethnicity within the social sciences. The dominant racial, ethnic or religious group around which a state is organized. There could be up to more than six hundred enslaved people on each ship. The Kurds, for example, occupy parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, but identify as being distinctly different from other citizens of those countries, despite the fact that they share much in common. Trade, war, and politics brought ethnic groups into contact and evensome forms of unity. It mayeven suggest that some groups are more human than others. 20190113 from rftp.com. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. The many ethnic conflicts that occur today in westernAfrica do not represent a return of ancient hostilities in the absenceof colonialism. Ethnocentrism. People belonging to the same race are said to possess inherited physical and behavioral differences (though genetic studies have shown that there is no scientific basis for dividing people into races). An error occurred trying to load this video. A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. With all these layers,individual Africans may think of their ethnic identity in different ways. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. Ex: Nunavut Territory of the Inuits in Canada and the Navajo Reservation in Arizona. $$ Term. The systematic, planned mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence (group can be a religion, ethnicity, political group, etc). Afterward they came into conflict. ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. However, traces ofcolonial practices remain. Broadly speaking, a person's ethnicity is their heritage and ancestral roots. Thenames of some groups indicate that they view themselves as special. Such a conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but rather political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters. The Kurds represent the important role that ethnicity plays in the lives of many people. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Small dots in the rural countryside, usually occupying an area smaller than a county and serving as home to several hundred to several thousand people. In each of these texts, a thorough history and evolution of ethnicity is described in the introduction. Write an essay of approximately one to two paragraphs that describes the features of the ethnicity of the majority of the population in Eastern Europe. State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. An ethnic nation typically promotes feelings, words, and actions that support its identity and rights. ethnic group - people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture ethnos group, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unit ethnic Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that describes the characteristics of an ethnicity of your choice. The pay gap was biggest for workers in the Bangladeshi, 'The appointment of the two public service officers at CBK and KRA are skewed and biased in favour of one community or, Summary: Bamako [Mali], Jun 10 (ANI): At least 95 people were killed in an overnight attack by unidentified gunmen in a village inhabited by the Dogon, The objective of study was to examine how much dental morphological traits e.g shoveling, double shoveling, distal accessory ridge, Bushmen canine and cusp of Carabelli are present in each, At the event, Najib also announced a fund of RM10,000 for each, (AP Photo/Rahmat Gul) KABUL: A leaked Afghan government document that bars inclusion of an, It is the tenth time they have been ranked the lowest or second lowest performing, He said it was clear in the report that the massacre of thousands of members of the Nuer, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, UK's ethnicity pay gap has been revealed for first time, Ethnic minority workers earn less than white Brits - report, Hiring of KRA boss illegal, says Eldoret man, Mali: 95 killed in overnight attack on ethnic Dogan village, STUDY ON TOOTH MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AMONG VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS OF PAKISTAN, Najib wants Malaysia to be happy nation, top in development, Leaked memo leads to claims of ethnic discrimination in Afghan government, One-third of Roma People Do Not Consider Themselves Poor, South Sudan armed opposition welcomes publication of AU report, Kazakhstan to establish nation-wide inter-ethnic TV channel, Ethnic Communities Council of Western Australia, Ethnic Community Development Organization, Ethnic Cooperation for Human Rights and the Environment, Ethnic Meeting of Music and Arts in Sardinia, Ethnic Minorities Health Problems Foundation, Ethnic Minority Achievement Support Service, Ethnic Minority and Black Regional Action for Community Empowerment, Ethnic Minority and Indigenous Rights Organization of Africa, Ethnic Minority and Traveller Achievement Grant. Berber groups include the Rif, theKabyle, and the desert-dwelling TUAREG. The colonialpowers remolded ethnicity into a hierarchical structure of separategeographical units, each governed by a traditional ruler who served as acolonial official. Involves more than physical characteristics associated with race; also includes a person's perceived social and cultural identity. Often used in a multi-ethnic state such as the USA or India. Assume that SS(Total) = 1,000. In southern Africa duringcolonial times, many indigenous groups were united in their oppositionto foreign rule and tended to overlook their own differences. Global Economic Conflict: Types & Locations. For many Africans, ethnic identity is highly complex and hasmultiple layers. These ethnic categories hardened in place asthe colonizers identified certain Africans as leaders and developed relationshipswith them. A notable example is the Nazi policy against Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. When two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Fenton, Steve. Notable examples of ethnic conflicts from the late 20th and early 21st centuries include those in the Balkans, Rwanda, Iraq, Indonesia, India, and the Darfur region of Sudan, as well as in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D. In many states in this region,poverty and political disorder have been regarded as ethnic conflicts. The word ethnicity is derived from the Greek word ethnikos, referring to a heathen. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. When the central government relinquishes power and autonomy to local and regional governments, which happens at the expense of the central government. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Many people who opposed apartheidand supported African nationalism rejected this approach as racist. A group who share a common identity. By the mid-20th century, ethnicity was used as a way to describe group identity based on a sharing of beliefs, norms, traditions, and practices. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture. Finally, there are some ethnicities that are built around a shared history, ancestry, and relationship with those around them. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages. Ethnic groups are populations that feel connected by a complexmix of kinship, culture, history, and geography. Together, the peoplein an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense of belongingto the group and sharing in its culture. A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. A large territory, urban or rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group. Ethnicity has always been an important element in the way people identifythemselves. The colonialauthorities imposed strict definitions on western Africa's complexand changeable social structures. Another way countries have handled ethnic diversity is pluralism, which usually includes a combination of toleration, interdependence, and separatism. Example: You could use columns for different characteristics of your chosen ethnicity (i.e., art, literature, and music; customs, food, language, religion, etc.). Together, the people in an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense More people have gone tolive and work in the cities, where different ethnic groups intermarry,share cultures, and create new styles. Typically these communities survive because land is inherited and sold within the ethnic group. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. Assimilation is a process in which individuals or groups of differing ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture of a societythough not always completely. Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. Impact of Ethnic & Racial Conflicts on Africa's Democracy. Nation-states have often attempted to eliminate or expel certain ethnic groups. Before the colonial era, most African stateswere multiethnic, that is, they usually had one dominant ethnic group,several other groups, several languages, and a shared culture. It first surfaced in the English language in the 14th century, and by the 19th century it had evolved into a synonym for race. It might be useful to explore some of the more well established ethnic groups to shed some light on the different elements used to define them. AP Human Chapter 7. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Learn how to define an ethnic group, review how to identify ethnicity, and explore different examples of ethnic groups, such as the Arabs, Irish, Scottish, Kurds, and Romani. Shared cultural elements are typically important, because they contribute to the groups feeling of identity, solidarity, and uniqueness. Ethnic groups are drawn to these communities because they provide isolated community where their culture can flourish. Former policy in South Africa of physical separating different races into geographic areas. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. More common solutions have been assimilation or acculturation, whether forced, induced, or voluntary. Research in the late1900s showed that many ethnic names of this region came from colonialpractices rather than indigenous African tradition. Tanzania has taken a different approach to ethnicity. They haveattracted migrants of many ethnic backgrounds who speak a variety oflanguages. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities, such as public schools, public places, public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. Example: Ethnicity takes into account a person's heritage and ancestral roots. Ethnic conflict is one of the major threats to international peace and security. The 1970s witnessed a flexibility in assimilation theory, and a rise in the constructivist movement. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation. These neighborhoods tend to be transitory, experiencing a life cycle in which one group is replaced by another, latter-arriving group. 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