Traditional soy foods (i.e., tofu, miso, natto) typically provide 0.20.4 mg/g of fresh weight product and 24 mg/g protein. In the studies by Petrakis et al. (, Martini, M. C., Dancisak, B. Online ahead of print. It should be noted that in rodents in response to the intake of isoflavones via soy or an isoflavone extract with an isoflavone profile (genistein > daidzein glycitein) similar to that found in soybeans, equol is the predominant isoflavonoid found in serum (154), whereas only about one third of humans actually produce equol (155157). When soy protein isolate is one of many ingredients, it oftendoes not offer as much isoflavone content as a standard serving of less processed soy. (, Ruiz-Larrea, M. B., Mohan, A. R., Paganga, G., Miller, N. J., Bolwell, G. P. & Rice-Evans, C. A. Many products by the largest food firms are considered unhealthy, research shows. One of the primary factors in determining the type of breast cancer is the sensitivity of the tumor cells to estrogen. Detailed analysis of the data found no significant association between soy intake and breast cancer incidence overall. Others have confirmed antiangiogenesis effects in vitro and well as in vivo (128,134138). Thereused to beconcernregarding eatingisoflavonesdue to its estrogen-like activity in the body. There are still some open questions about these findings because the studies were looking at many different types of soy, and because women who regularly eat soy simply tend to be healthier than those who dont.9. Epub 2009 Apr 1. Dr. Roesch does advise women to avoid soy isoflavone extracts, especially in large doses. Isoflavones have a very limited distribution in nature, and soybeans are essentially the only natural dietary source of these compounds (1114). For these reasons and because there is an intriguing body of literature suggesting soy consumption may reduce breast cancer risk and possibly improve survival, many breast cancer patients have embraced soy products, isoflavone supplements and foods to which isoflavones have been added. Get clinically-studied, premium vitamins and supplements and lab tests from the people whove spent 40 years passionately pursuing healthy living. Public, private, and community organizations should work together at national, state and local levels to develop, advocate for, and implement policy and environmental changes that: This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. B., Eden, J. & Barsky, S. H. (, Twaddle, G. M., Turbov, J., Liu, N. & Murthy, S. (, Shao, Z. M., Wu, J., Shen, Z. The data are somewhat inconsistent but generally show that in comparison with control diets, the substitution of soy protein for other protein (generally casein) typically found in a standard laboratory diet modestly (2550%) reduced tumor incidence or, more commonly, tumor multiplicity (42,139143). Even the view that estrogen therapy increases breast cancer risk in healthy women is now being challenged. A variety of health benefits, including protection against breast cancer, have been attributed to soy food consumption, primarily because of the soybean isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein). (, Holmes, M. D., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Hankinson, S. E., Speizer, F. E., Rosner, B. These women filled outsurveys about what they ate and other lifestyle habits. There was also a significant increase in the number of lung metastases (31%; Kruskal-Wallis test) in the rats receiving heat-sterilized soybean isoflavones. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! However, in none of these cases do these statements appear to be the result of a comprehensive evaluation of the relevant literature. In a later study by these investigators using a similar experimental design, isolated soy protein containing various amounts of genistein (15, 150 and 300 g/g) increased tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner and to a similar extent as when isolated genistein was administered at these same doses (166). Hormones to prevent coronary disease in women: when are observational studies adequate evidence? A 2014 meta-analysis reached similar conclusions. The Rancho Bernardo Study. (, Buist, D. S., LaCroix, A. In fact, there are strongly conflicting data regarding both. The investigators concluded that soy exerted a weak estrogenic effect on breast tissue but also that the long-term implications of this effect were unclear because soy did not increase cell proliferation and because the study lasted only 2 wk. Soy products and breast cancer. (, Lee, H. P., Gourley, L., Duffy, S. W., Esteve, J., Lee, J. These seeds contain high amounts of plant estrogen-like compounds. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Fertility and Sterility is an international journal for obstetricians, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, urologists, basic scientists and others who treat and investigate problems of infertility and human reproductive disorders. Estrogen discontinuation is associated with a loss of protection against CHD (27) and osteoporosis (28). If you compare that to Asian populations that, on average, consume 40 to 50 milligrams a day, it's pretty low. Eating Soy May Turn on Genes Linked to Cancer Growth. Supplements may contain high doses of concentrated sources of soy. Endocrinol. Ju S, Song S, Lee J, Hwang S, Lee Y, Kwon Y, Lee Y. Barnes et al. Soy and breast cancer risk: epidemiology. Phytoestrogens: the natural selective estrogen receptor modulators? (18) found that genistein was >1000-fold more potent at triggering transcriptional activity with ER than ER. AUBREY: About a third of his customers order soy milk or other plant-based creamers. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. & Tritchler, D. L. (, Boyd, N. F., Martin, L. J., Stone, J., Greenberg, C., Minkin, S. & Yaffe, M. J. & Hayry, P. (, Duncan, A. M., Merz, B. E., Xu, X., Nagel, T. C., Phipps, W. R. & Kurzer, M. S. (, Upmalis, D. H., Lobo, R., Bradley, L., Warren, M., Cone, F. L. & Lamia, C. A. In my opinion, we need to focus less on magic bullet approaches (single nutrients and single foods) and focus more on holistic approaches. Careers. Fujitani M, Mizushige T, Adhikari S, Bhattarai K, Kishida T. Metabolites. There are many foods that contain soy, such as tofu, edamame, soy sauce, tofu, soy flour, soybean oil, miso, soy milk, tamari, teriyaki sauce, tempeh and more. The primary isoflavones in soybeans are the glucosides, genistin and daidzin, and their respective aglycones, genistein (4 5, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone) and daidzin (4, 7-dihydroxyisoflavone). J Natl Cancer Inst. The honest response to each of these diametrically opposed claims is that no convincing data exist to support either claim. (129) found that 0.25 mg/g dietary genistein (Japanese dietary content is 0.05 mg/g) down-regulated epidermal growth factor receptor levels in the dosolateral prostate of Lobund-Wistar rats despite free genistein concentrations in serum and prostate tissue of only 18.4 nmol/L and 17.5 pmol/g, respectively. Soy has no progesterone activity (278) and may actually decrease serum progesterone levels (210,216,229). (98) concluded that genistein displays mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist properties. (212) found no effect of soy consumption on NAF secretion in postmenopausal women overall; surprisingly, however, there was a significant increase in NAF secretion in postmenopausal women (n = 4) receiving estrogen replacement therapy. But rodents process soy differently from people, and the same results have not been seen in people. These days, soy sometimes gets a bad rap, but it can be part of a healthy pattern of eating. A new study wades into the ongoing debate over the health benefits of tofu, soy milk and other soy products. & Henderson, B. E. (, Preston-Martin, S., Pike, M. C., Ross, R. K. & Henderson, B. E. (, Mommers, E. C., van Diest, P. J., Leonhart, A. M., Meijer, C. J. Discover information about different types of cancer, Learn about cancer, diagnosis, treatment, coping & survivorship, Find resources & tools for oncology healthcare professionals. Prospective studies show no increased risk of recurrence. Soy Confusion. Although research is ongoing, there is little evidence to suggest that there is danger in consuming moderate amounts of soy in food even for survivors. Methionine restriction is known to retard carcinogenesis (163); it is unlikely, however, that this mechanism could contribute to the low breast cancer mortality in Japan because only 10% of the total protein intake of the Japanese people is derived from soy (164). Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. HRT and heart disease: Dr Jekyll or Mrs Hyde? In support of these data, Pino et al. Typically, its best to wait four hours after taking thyroid medicine before consuming any soy product. (199) found that among Asian Americans, tofu consumption protected against both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer although intake was quite modest, which is consistent with data showing that Asian immigrants consume less soy than do native Asians (200202). Effects of hormone replacement therapy on clinical fractures and height loss: the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study (HERS). For all the other women who had hormone-positive breast cancers, soy intake seemed to make no difference. (, Makela, S., Savolainen, H., Aavik, E., Myllarniemi, M., Strauss, L., Taskinen, E., Gustafsson, J. & Bundred, N. J. Soy, when consumed as whole food, appears to reduce the risk of breast cancer, especially when consumed early in life, and also seems safe for breast cancer survivors. And although some studies suggest that it may protect against breast cancer, other research has found that isoflavones (a component of soy that binds to estrogen receptors) can spur the growth of breast cancer cells in test tubes and animals. If a breast tumor is hormone-sensitive or estrogen receptor-positive, it means there are specific estrogen receptors on the tumor cells, and when estrogen binds with these receptors, it transfers a message to the cancer cells. Because the half-life of isoflavones is 69 h, fasting levels are much lower than postprandial levels (67,7073). Cancer and cancer treatments may affect taste, smell, appetite, and the ability to eat enough food or absorb the nutrients from food.This can cause malnutrition, which is a condition caused by a lack of key nutrients. Soy and Breast Cancer: Should breast cancer survivors eat soy foods? How RAI Therapy Works. BONUS! However, on the basis of national household survey dietary data for 19801985, Nagata (164) did not find that soy or isoflavone intake was related to breast cancer mortality in 47 prefectures in Japan. In total, there are 12 different soybean isoflavone isomers. AUBREY: But when she drilled down more deeply, it turned out that it was only women who had hormone-negative breast cancers who got the boost in longevity. Cancer Prevention Research. A protective effect was observed for both pre- and postmenopausal cancers. No data on the ER-genistein complex was presented in that paper, but it is known that ER is easier to antagonize than ER (92). This difference is far greater than the 30-fold greater binding affinity of genistein for ER than ER (100). Food for thought: If you eat and when you eat can impact your mortality . CUSTOMER SERVICE: Change of address (except Japan): 14700 Citicorp Drive, Bldg. The possibility that soy might exert the same hypothesized advantages of estrogen, especially in regard to CHD, osteoporosis and relief of vasomotor symptoms, but without the disadvantages, has led many women to view soy as an alternative to conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT). US Department of Agriculture. Genistein exhibits a biphasic effect on the growth of MCF-7 cells in vitro, stimulating proliferation at low concentrations but inhibiting it at high concentrations. Soy seemed to be just the ticket for women: heart-healthy, good for bones, and helpful for hot flashes. Association between Soy Isoflavone Intake and Breast Cancer Risk for Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies. B., Beilin, L. J., Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Croft, K. D. & Rogers, P. B. Ronckers CM, McCarron P, Engels EA, Ron E. New Malignancies Following Cancer of the Thyroid and Other Endocrine Glands. This conference was sponsored by the American Institute for Cancer Research and was supported by the California Dried Plum Board, The Campbell Soup Company, General Mills, Lipton, Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Roche Vitamins Inc. and Vitasoy USA. Supplements are not recommended for breast cancer survivors. In ovariectomized athymic mice implanted with MCF-7 cells, both genistein and soy protein stimulate tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Some doctors are concerned that the growth of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers may be turned on by isoflavones. Doctors normally prescribe medicine and now some are prescribing meals, A new kind of meat grown from animal cells is on the menu at COP27. The Non-Hispanic White women were more likely to experience treatment-related worsening of menopausal symptoms. It's still unclear whether soy does much for bones or hot flashes. (, Liggins, J., Bluck, L. J., Runswick, S., Atkinson, C., Coward, W. A. Alternative therapies used by women with breast cancer in four ethnic populations, A comparison of complementary therapy use between breast cancer patients and patients with other primary tumor sites, Prevalence of menopausal symptoms among women with a history of breast cancer and attitudes toward estrogen replacement therapy, Hot flashes in postmenopausal women treated for breast carcinoma: prevalence, severity, correlates, management, and relation to quality of life, Hormone replacement therapy after breast cancer: a systematic review and quantitative assessment of risk. In contrast to the research from Helferich and colleagues (116,166), Shao et al. government site. X Close. (, Loukovaara, M., Carson, M., Palotie, A. Duncan et al. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736V. In this regard, Asian soy intake may serve as a general guide for Western women. (, Fritz, W. A., Coward, L., Wang, J. Bookshelf Several investigators used models that may more closely resemble the situation faced by breast cancer patients by looking at the effects of soy and isoflavones on tumor progression. There are also endless arrays of special blends of herbs and vitamins that claim to reduce the discomforts of menopause. For example, Wang and Kurzer (126) and Shao et al. The most recent headlines claim that soy and cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kale and related vegetables) decrease menopause and other treatment-related symptoms in breast cancer survivors. (, Weber, G., Shen, F., Yang, H., Prajda, N. & Li, W. (, Meng, Q. H., Wahala, K., Adlercreutz, H. & Tikkanen, M. J. The American Cancer Society's dietary guidelines note that consumption of soy foods is not only safe but "may even lower breast cancer risk." Another study in the journal Nutrition & Metabolism has also shown that increased soy consumption correlates to a reduced risk of prostate cancer for men. 10. In a 2013 meta-analysis that analyzed data from 22 studies, researchers found that, among Asian women, those who consumed the most isoflavones had a 32% lower risk of breast cancer. This may be due in part to protective substances called isoflavones found in soy foods. Genistein exhibits a biphasic effect on the growth of MCF-7 cells in vitro, stimulating proliferation at low concentrations but inhibiting it at high concentrations. Metabolites Identification and Mechanism Prediction of Neobavaisoflavone In Vitro and In Vivo of Rats through UHPLC-Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS Integrated Network Pharmacology. Abstract. (, American Cancer Society Workshop on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Survivors (, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (, Barnes, S., Grubbs, C., Setchell, K. D. & Carlson, J. (92), An et al. Copyright 2011 - 2020 All Rights Reserved, SJO Nomura et al, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 168: 467-479. (262) found that in a group of 2755 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer, hormone use was associated with a significant decrease in breast cancer recurrence and mortality, although the number of women (n = 174) who used hormones was small and the follow-up period was not long. As noted previously, in vitro genistein stimulates MCF-7 cell growth generally until concentrations exceed 5 mol/L (98,106,116,124). (121), genistein also inhibited the in vivo growth of estrogen receptornegative mammary cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). (, Kuiper, G. G., Lemmen, J. G., Carlsson, B., Corton, J. C., Safe, S. H., van der Saag, P. T., van der Burg, B. Guha N, Kwan ML, Quesenberry CP, Weltzien EK, Castillo AL, Caan BJ. & Baak, J. P. (, McMichael-Phillips, D. F., Harding, C., Morton, M., Roberts, S. A., Howell, A., Potten, C. S. & Bundred, N. J. /PRNewswire/ -- Breast cancer patients and survivors can lay their fears to rest regarding soy consumption. Foods. Equol is converted from daidzein by intestinal bacteria (158), binds to estrogen receptors more tightly than daidzein (88) and may be more estrogenic (74) and anticarcinogenic (99). Women with normal thyroid levels can also safely drink soy milk. 2021 Dec 5;10(12):3014. doi: 10.3390/foods10123014. Presented as part of the 11th Annual Research Conference on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer held in Washington, DC, July 1617, 2001. (212) in which NAF secretion increased, subjects were fed textured vegetable protein in the former study and isolated soy protein in the latter study. Their work reported that the number of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhiP)-induced mammary tumors per rat was 2.2 0.4 for rats consuming a diet containing a 0.02% isoflavone mixture and 1.5 0.3 for those consuming twice this amount of isoflavones; both values were much lower than the 2.6 0.5 tumors/rat in the control group. In one study, women (n = 175) aged 4965 y with Wolfe's P2 or DY mammographic patterns were randomly assigned to receive either an isoflavone tablet (40 mg isoflavones derived from red clover) or placebo for 1 y (Charlotte Atkinson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, unpublished data, 2001). Fotsis et al. However, 24 grams of soy represents a single serving of many soy foods. These studies suggest that the effect of soy consumption on the efficacy of tamoxifen and perhaps even estrogen is a promising area of research and warrants rigorous investigation. The proposed mechanism for the protective effect of early genistein exposure is from the stimulation of cell proliferation in the mammary gland resulting in enhancement of mammary gland maturation. Most studies on Asian populations included women who have eaten it since early childhood and were probably also exposed to it in the uterus, says Trock, compared to Western studies involving women who mostly didnt eat soya until later in life. Learn more about the many benefits and features of joining Harvard Health Online , Find the best treatments and procedures for you, Explore options for better nutrition and exercise. Soy isoflavones, structurally similar to endogenous estrogens, may affect breast cancer through both hormonally mediated and non-hormonally related mechanisms. Receive the latest resources and updates in your inbox. In fact,evidence continues to growshowingthat eating traditional soy foods may actually lower the risk of breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. These latter effects are opposite to those of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). This mechanism would not be likely to be relevant to breast cancer patients consuming a mixed diet containing modest amounts of soy protein, although it could be when much of the total protein intake is derived from soy. These include menopausal symptoms, fatigue, joint problems, hair thinning, and memory loss. A. & Howes, L. G. (, Xu, X., Duncan, A. M., Merz, B. E. & Kurzer, M. S. (, Habito, R. C., Montalto, J., Leslie, E. & Ball, M. J. In my opinion, we need to focus less on magic bullet approaches (single nutrients and single foods) and focus more on holistic approaches. FENG FENG ZHENG: Our findings would suggest that soy food consumption does not have a harmful effect. Extensive areas of mammographically dense breast tissue are strongly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Tonetti DA, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Lim SB, Constantinou AI. USDA Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1. Researchers studied the effect of soy supplementation in patients with breast cancer found that supplementation did not decrease mammographic density, a strong breast cancer risk factor. Don't miss your FREE gift. National Cancer Institute. Do Soy & Cruciferous Vegetables Reduce Breast Cancer Treatment-Related Symptoms? (, Constantinou, A., Kiguchi, K. & Huberman, E. (, Carrao-Panizzi, M. C. & Kitamura, K. (, Nakamura, Y., Tsuji, S. & Tonogai, Y. As noted previously, genistein is thought to be able to influence signal transduction (110) by inhibiting the activity of many enzymes and influencing cellular factors that control the growth of cells (19,21,54,56); in some experimental systems, isoflavones demonstrate antioxidant activity (86,111,112). However, they are just two components of a healthy, plant-based diet, and we know that primarily plant-based diets are associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. These forms of soy do NOT contain isoflavones. However, not only are the etiologies of breast and stomach cancer different, but in this study, dietary assessment was conducted before cancer diagnosis and likely reflected lifelong consumption. <33 grams/day to >71 grams/day for cruciferous vegetables. They were all breast cancer survivors who had been treated 1-5 years previously. A reliable source of health articles, optimal wellness products, medical news, and free natural newsletter from natural health expert Dr. Joseph Mercola. For the most part, results from clinical studies show that phytoestrogens arent effective for treatment of hot flashes. Perspectives on the soy-breast cancer relation. & Abbey, M. (, Davis, J. N., Kucuk, O., Djuric, Z. (140), who found that a low dose of biochanin A (10 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced tumor multiplicity (tumors per rat; 0.7 vs. 2.2 for control) and that a higher dose (50 mg/kg) also reduced tumor incidence. (, Vachon, C. M., Kuni, C. C., Anderson, K., Anderson, V. E. & Sellers, T. A. Differences in the parenchymal pattern of the breast on mammography reflect differences in the amounts of stromal, epithelial and fat tissue present in the breast. Starting to consume soya products at an earlier age may make soya more beneficial. Allison Aubrey is a correspondent for NPR News, where her stories can be heard on Morning Edition and All Things Considered. The findings of Hawrylewicz et al. The concern has been that the estrogen-like compounds in soy might interfere with the effectiveness of breast cancer drugs like Tamoxifen. Surgery is the main treatment for many thyroid cancers. There's also some concern that soy's estrogenic activity may interfere with tamoxifen, a drug used to prevent recurrence in women with estrogen-sensitive breast cancer. ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: One cup of whole dairy milk is 149 calories with 8 grams of fat, 8 grams of protein and 12 grams of carbohydrates. & Hirohata, I. Mark J. Messina, Charles L. Loprinzi, Soy for Breast Cancer Survivors: A Critical Review of the Literature, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 131, Issue 11, November 2001, Pages 3095S3108S, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.11.3095S. Dont Miss: Can Getting Hit In Your Breast Cause Cancer. & Nilsson, S. (, Kao, Y. C., Zhou, C., Sherman, M., Laughton, C. A. A. Purpose: This project was undertaken to examine the association between dietary intake of soy or cruciferous vegetables and breast cancer treatment-related symptoms among Chinese-American (CA) and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) breast cancer survivors. Testing whether soy, or its active components can protect against genetic damage and prevent the development of breast cancer. February 2005 edited March 2014 #1. (, Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Cho, E., Onojafe, I., Raygada, M. & Clarke, R. (, Morrison, A. S., Lowe, C. R., MacMahon, B., Ravnihar, B. & Blair, W. H. (, Charland, S. L., Hui, J. W. & Torosian, M. H. (, Allred, C. D., Allred, K. F., Ju, Y. H., Virant, S. M. & Helferich, W. G. (, Makela, S. I., Pylkkanen, L. H., Santti, R. S. & Adlercreutz, H. (, Seibert, K., Shafie, S. M., Triche, T. J., Whang-Peng, J. J., O'Brien, S. J., Toney, J. H., Huff, K. K. & Lippman, M. E. (, Trevoux, R., De Brux, J., Castanier, M., Nahoul, K., Soule, J. P. & Scholler, R. (, Szymczak, J., Milewicz, A., Thijssen, J. H., Blankenstein, M. A. Breast cancer.Eating large amounts of soy might help prevent breast cancer or breast cancer recurrence in some people. This finding led to the widespread use of genistein as a tool for identifying whether certain cellular processes were under the control of a variety of kinases. Testing whether soy can enhance the effectiveness of breast cancer treatments or prevent drug resistance. Improvement of Soybean; A Way Forward Transition from Genetic Engineering to New Plant Breeding Technologies. Accordingly, A preliminary analysis of this study, based on biopsies from only about half of the study subjects (n = 48) indicated that soy consumption markedly increased breast cell proliferation (239); in the final analysis, however, which included all 84 subjects, no such effect was found (234). 3, Hagerstown, MD 21742; phone 800-638-3030; fax 301-223-2400. 3088 breast cancer survivors, diagnosed between 1991 and 2000 with early stage breast cancer and participating in WHEL were followed for a median of 7.3 years. Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study. Undoubtedly, Hsieh and colleagues (116) from the University of Illinois conducted the animal study most widely cited in support of breast cancer patients avoiding soy. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (, Makela, S., Davis, V. L., Tally, W. C., Korkman, J., Salo, L., Vihko, R., Santti, R. & Korach, K. S. (, Miodini, P., Fioravanti, L., Di Fronzo, G. & Cappelletti, V. (, Barkhem, T., Carlsson, B., Nilsson, Y., Enmark, E., Gustafsson, J. Native Japanese adults typically consume 3040 mg (aglycone units) of isoflavones per day, which is roughly equivalent to between 1 and 1.5 servings (U.S. measures) of traditional soy foods (6062). & Willett, W. C. (, Smith-Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D., Yaun, S. S., Adami, H. O., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Miller, A. A. Read more:Soy Milk Advantages and Disadvantages. Marian Neuhouser of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle says this study is reassuring up to a point. found that neither the synthetic isoflavone, ipriflavone, nor genistein had an effect on MNU-induced mammary tumorigenesis although the combination was very inhibitory (152). Recent observational data indicate that estrogen per se increases breast cancer risk only very slightly, whereas the combination of estrogen plus progestogen may increase breast cancer risk two- to threefold over a woman's lifetime (263268). (, Laya, M. B., Gallagher, J. C., Schreiman, J. S., Larson, E. B., Watson, P. & Weinstein, L. (, Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (, Thomas, H. V., Reeves, G. K. & Key, T. J. Genistein and daidzein are specific types of soy isoflavones that are often sold as dietary supplements. Go to: Theres a lot of conflicting information going around about soy: Is it healthy? Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavones: An Updated Overview. & Bellino, F. L. (, Osborne, C. K., Zhao, H. & Fuqua, S. A. (162) first fed rats a casein-based AIN-76 diet and then injected them with the breast carcinogen MNU. Now, a new study of more than 18,312 women shows that eating soy foods did not increase risk of breast cancer recurrence. To whom reprint requests should be addressed. April marks National Soy Foods Month, so lets explore that question. (, Preston-Martin, S., Pike, M. C., Ross, R. K., Jones, P. A. Soy supplements, such as powders, pills, and capsules, contain more isoflavones than soy eaten as food, such as tofu, soy milk, and the beans themselves . Skipping meals, fasting and eating meals too closely together may be linked with increased cardiovascular or all-cause mortality, researchers report in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.. Lead author Yangbo Sun, MBBS, PhD, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Messina M, McCaskill-Stevens W, Lampe JW. A., Black, D. M., Barrett-Connor, E., Harris, F., Shields, K., Applegate, W. & Cummings, S. R. (, Lee, M. M., Lin, S. S., Wrensch, M. R., Adler, S. R. & Eisenberg, D. (, Morris, K. T., Johnson, N., Homer, L. & Walts, D. (, Couzi, R. J., Helzlsouer, K. J. Have you done your crossword puzzle today? Overall, the data are not impressive that the adult consumption of soy affects the risk of developing breast cancer or that soy consumption affects the survival of breast cancer patients. Evidence for a possible interaction between tamoxifen and genistein comes from other cell lines as well because tamoxifen has been shown to inhibit the stimulatory effects of genistein (280), daidzein (281) and an isoflavone-rich soybean ethanol extract (282) on osteoblastic activity. Isoflavones are considered to be possible selective estrogen receptor modulators but possess nonhormonal properties that also may contribute to their effects. These include vitamins and soy-based and herbal products (like black cohosh and red clover). Breast cancer is not just one disease it comes in many variations. Front Plant Sci. (, Howe, G. R., Hirohata, T., Hislop, T. G., Iscovich, J. M., Yuan, J. M., Katsouyanni, K., Lubin, F., Marubini, E., Modan, B., Rohan, T., Toniolo, P. & Shunzhang, Y. In the work by Hargreaves et al. We should be encouraging breast cancer survivors to focus on all aspects of a healthy diet, not just soy and cruciferous vegetables. On the basis of the above findings, Petrakis et al. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. For example, three studies found that in premenopausal women, soy decreased serum estradiol levels (209211), whereas several other studies found no changes (212215). As a breast cancer survivor and senior clinical dietitian at MD Anderson, Christie Siebel is passionate about debunking misinformation so patients get the nutrients they need to Objective: To evaluate the association of soy food intake after diagnosis of breast cancer with total mortality and cancer recurrence. Hawrylewicz et al. (167) who showed that diets containing soy increased uterine weight in immature outbred Han-NMRI mice not given diethylstilbestrol but decreased uterine weight in mice fed diethylstilbestrol. Soy was first introduced to the United States in the mid-1700s. Population studies indicate that soy consumption in survivors of breast cancer may be linked todecreased recurrence and greater overall survival. Fecal Metabolome: New Addition to the Toolbox for Dietary Assessment? Breast cells contain estrogen receptors, and when the key joins with the lock , a series of signals are sent which can spur on estrogen-receptor positive breast tumor growth. Accordingly, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore this issue. (, Somekawa, Y., Chiguchi, M., Ishibashi, T. & Aso, T. (, Nagata, C., Takatsuka, N., Kurisu, Y. Helferich and colleagues (116) showed that genistein and soy protein isolate increased tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in ovariectomized SCID mice and that serum genistein levels in these mice are 12 mol/L. Get the latest news on celebrity scandals, engagements, and divorces! Importantly, substantial data suggest that the progestogen, not the estrogen, component of HRT increases risk of developing breast cancer. Accessibility One review of evidence into soyas effect on breast cancer risk found that studies that adjusted for body mass index , a common marker of health, showed a weaker association for soya than those that didnt. As noted previously, typical Japanese isoflavone intake is 3040 mg/d. Oncologists have been reluctant to recommend estrogen for breast cancer patients because of studies suggesting that HRT increases breast cancer risk (244,245). When all women in the study were grouped together, high (>71 grams/day) versus low (<33 grams/day) cruciferous vegetable intake was associated with a 50% reduction in menopause symptoms. This relationship, more than any other, is responsible for the research attention soyfoods, in general, have received. A variety of health benefits, including protection against breast cancer, have been attributed to soy food consumption, primarily because of the soybean isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein). Soy foods have a lot of isoflavones, which are weak estrogen-like compounds found in plants. The concern has been that the estrogen-like compounds in soy might interfere with the effectiveness of breast cancer drugs like Tamoxifen. Society Information. Isoflavones, classically viewed as possible selective estrogen receptor modulators (1618), possess other nonestrogen receptormediated properties that also may contribute to their biological activity (1921). Soy food is a rich source of phytoestrogens, namely isoflavones, known to have both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects. (, Ohta, T., Nakatsugi, S., Watanabe, K., Kawamori, T., Ishikawa, F., Morotomi, M., Sugie, S., Toda, T., Sugimura, T. & Wakabayashi, K. (, Cohen, L. A., Zhao, Z., Pittman, B. Soybeans are the most widely used, least expensive, and least caloric way to get large amounts of protein with very little fat and no cholesterol. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Several large food companies are now marketing user friendly soy products, such as breakfast cereals and energy bars, and several others have recently purchased soy food companies. Do dietary phytoestrogens influence susceptibility to hormone-dependent cancer by disrupting the metabolism of endogenous oestrogens? Supplement: AICR's 11th Annual Research Conference on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, The Health Consequences of Early Soy Consumption, A Proteomic Investigation of Isolated Soy Proteins with Variable Effects in Experimental and Clinical Studies, A Soy Protein Isolate Rich in Genistein and Daidzein and Its Effects on Plasma Isoflavone Concentrations, Platelet Aggregation, Blood Lipids and Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Phospholipid in Normal Men, Soy Isoflavone Conjugation Differs in Fed and Food-Deprived Rats, Estrogenic Activity of 4-Hydroxy-Benzoic Acid from, The LC-MS/MS Identification and Analgesic and Wound Healing Activities of. Cancer, 2017 Jun 1;123(11):2070-2079.doi: 10.1002/cncr.30615. & Shimizu, H. (, Wakai, K., Egami, I., Kato, K., Kawamura, T., Tamakoshi, A., Lin, Y., Nakayama, T., Wada, M. & Ohno, Y. Perhaps the most intriguing animal data come from the laboratory of Lamartiniere and colleagues (172) at the University of Alabama. Please consult with your providerbefore using any type of supplement, as they may interfere with your medications. But if researchers feed mice prior to puberty, then expose them to carcinogens, they get fewer and smaller tumours than if you dont give them soya. & Lin, R. S. (, Wu, A. H., Ziegler, R. G., Horn-Ross, P. L., Nomura, A. M., West, D. W., Kolonel, L. N., Rosenthal, J. F., Hoover, R. N. & Pike, M. C. (, Kudo, Y., Falciglia, G. A. In this experiment, female Lewis rats (n = 60) were injected subcutaneously with MAC-33 cells (a mammary tumor cell line known to metastasize spontaneously) and then randomly assigned to receive (intraperitoneally) 18 mg soybean (isoflavone-enriched) extract, 18 mg heat-sterilized (to destroy protease inhibitors) soybean isoflavones or saline five times per week for 30 d. There were significant increases in tumor weight, tumor volume and the tumor-to-carcass ratio in the isoflavone groups relative to the control group. & Eden, J. Studies of pre- and post-menopausal women suggest soy isoflavones may have a protective effect against breast cancer. Isoflavones circulate in plasma primarily in the conjugated form, mostly bound to glucuronic acid; <3% circulates in the free form (73). Soya is often consumed as part of a healthy diet and as a substitute for red meat, which is associated with a higher risk of heart disease and cancer. The topic of soy and breast cancer has been a controversial subject for years. Therefore, although direct comparisons are needed, isoflavones appear to exert effects on breast tissue density opposite to those of HRT (243). Soy is one of the top allergenic foods in part because it resembles gluten on a molecular level. If you have a gluten sensitivity, your body cant distinguish between gluten and soy. Your body could react to each food with the same immune response. JAMA. eCollection 2021. Therefore, one of the main goals of therapy or intervention with hormone-positive cancer is to reduce hormonal stimulation as much as possible. Low concentrations of isoflavones also inhibit 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (106), which converts dehydroepiandrosterone into androstenedione, which can be converted into estrone (107). Although it is unclear whether any form of soy or isoflavone pills poses a risk to breast cancer patients, the available data do not appear to warrant differentiating among the various forms of isoflavone-containing products. Cancer. This may be because the isoflavones can actually block the more potent natural estrogens in the blood. A., Custer, L. J., Wang, W. & Shi, C. Y. & Reed, M. J. Cancer. Cooking methods, however, may alsodeplete isoflavonecontent by up to 80-90%. Consequently, if breast cancer patients enjoy soy products, it seems reasonable for them to continue to use them. NPR's Allison Aubrey takes a look. Development of Nano Soy Milk through Sensory Attributes and Consumer Acceptability. Zero studies have found any detrimental effects of soy in breast cancer survivors. A2017study (Zhang, F.F, et al) looked at more than 6,200 American and Canadian women with breast cancer. Soy milk has no cholesterol, because it doesnt come from animal fat. A study suggests that eating soy foods may help improve survival in women diagnosed with hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer. (, Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Onojafe, I., Raygada, M., Cho, E., Skaar, T., Russo, I. (143). Enter another study blessing soy for breast cancer thrivers. & Adlercreutz, H. (, Adlercreutz, H., Mousavi, Y., Clark, J., Hockerstedt, K., Hamalainen, E., Wahala, K., Makela, T. & Hase, T. (, Pino, A. M., Valladares, L. E., Palma, M. A., Mancilla, A. M., Yanez, M. & Albala, C. (, Knight, D. C., Howes, J. Although postmenopausal serum estradiol levels (55 pmol/L) (83,169) are 10% of the level in premenopausal women (169), some data indicate that the concentration of estradiol in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women is similar to that in premenopausal women (170) and that breast tissue estradiol concentrations are higher than paired serum concentrations (171). (, Gridley, D. S., Kettering, J. D., Slater, J. M. & Nutter, R. L. (, Hsueh, A. M., Shipley, R. & Park, H. S. (, Gotoh, T., Yamada, K., Ito, A., Yin, H., Kataoka, T. & Dohi, K. (, Barnes, S., Peterson, G., Grubbs, C. & Setchell, K. (, Zaizen, Y., Higuchi, Y., Matsuo, N., Shirabe, K., Tokuda, H. & Takeshita, M. (, Constantinou, A. I., Mehta, R. G. & Vaughan, A. Join our October Lets Beat Breast Cancer campaign to learn how a healthful diet and fruits and vegetables, 100% whole grains like brown rice and oats, non-animal proteins such as lentils, beans, and soy. Soy is the main source of protein for billions of people around the world. It is also important to note thattheconcern was based on findings of isoflavone consumption in rodent studies,and nothumans. That makes it more likely to reduce potential cancer risk. Petrakis et al. In contrast, Zava and Duwe (97) found that in the presence of high estradiol (0.3 nmol/L) concentrations, genistein at 0.310 nmol/L did not further stimulate T47D cell (an estrogen receptorpositive cell line) growth and at slightly higher concentrations (30300 nmol/L) exerted a modest inhibitory effect even though in the absence of estradiol these concentrations enhanced cell growth. In addition, 25% of the 180,000 women diagnosed annually with breast cancer are in their reproductive years, and 70% of them may develop premature menopause from chemotherapy (37). B., Potter, J. D., Rohan, T. E., Speizer, F. E., Toniolo, P., Willett, W. C., Wolk, A., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A. (92) found that, in contrast to estradiol, in the ER-genistein complex the AF-2 helix does not adopt the distinctive agonist position but instead lies in a similar orientation to that induced by estrogen receptor antagonists. (, Pike, A. C., Brzozowski, A. M., Hubbard, R. E., Bonn, T., Thorsell, A. G., Engstrom, O., Ljunggren, J., Gustafsson, J. Recommended Reading: Is Stage 1 Breast Cancer Curable. Isoflavone prefers to bind to beta receptors, says Bruce Trock, professor of epidemiology and oncology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Maryland in the US. For women who dont like cows milk or have an intolerance to dairy, soy milk is a good way to get needed protein and calcium. Soy & Clarke, R. (, Grubbs, C. J., Farnell, D. R., Hill, D. L. & McDonough, K. C. (, Russo, J., Wilgus, G. & Russo, I. H. (, Guzman, R. C., Yang, J., Rajkumar, L., Thordarson, G., Chen, X. The impact of soya on breast cancer risk may depend on when we start eating it. After 1 y, breast tissue density in postmenopausal women decreased significantly in the isoflavone group and nonsignificantly in the placebo group, but differences between the groups were not significant. In a follow-up study when treatment was delayed until NMU-induced tumors had reached between 10 and 25 mm in the largest direction, the combination of miso and tamoxifen inhibited growth by 50% over 6 wk, whereas tamoxifen by itself was ineffective (148). MeSH Several studies examined the effects of different soy products on the development of chemically induced mammary cancer in adult animals. Soy is rich in fiber, potassium and magnesium. This may be true, but binding affinity alone does not determine potency because the resulting conformational change in the ligand (isoflavone)-receptor complex varies among ligands regardless of binding affinity (92). It found that women who ate at least 10 mg of soy per day after a breast cancer diagnosis had a 25 percent lower risk of recurrence compared to those eating less than 4 mg per day.9, However, soy is not currently recommended as a way for breast cancer survivors to lower the risk of recurrence. Jun 1 2017;123(11):2070-2079. It was specifically established for all female cancer patients and survivors. With soy being in so many foods, many women became very concerned they were increasing their risk of cancer. AUBREY: She says it's not clear what the results would be if women with breast cancer consumed more. In fact, arguably, given the biphasic effect of genistein on MCF-7 cell growth, high isoflavone intake levels could be less likely to exert adverse effects than low levels, but this is quite speculative. If you read Dr. Strangeloves nutrition blogs, you would be led to believe that soy causes breast cancer and shortens the lifespan of breast cancer survivors. Fournier, D. B., Erdman, J. W., Jr & Gordon, G. B. Similarly, Miodini et al. (89) found that set concentrations of genistein (1, 10 and 100 nmol/L) exerted additive effects when combined with estradiol across a complete dose-response range of estradiol and concluded that in vivo, the effect of genistein would be additive to that of endogenous estradiol. Often cited in support of recommendations for breast cancer patients to consume soy are studies showing that even after an assortment of The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Rahman SU, McCoy E, Raza G, Ali Z, Mansoor S, Amin I. Mol Biotechnol. In: Curtis RE, Freedman DM, Ron E, Ries LAG, Hacker DG, Edwards BK, Tucker MA, Fraumeni JF Jr. (eds). Gotoh et al. Copyright 2022 American Society for Nutrition. The concern has been that the estrogen-like compounds in soy might interfere with the effectiveness of breast cancer drugs like Tamoxifen. The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness, is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. Genistein has also been shown to shift the proteolytic balance of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases toward antiproteolysis in media or ascitic fluid conditioned by actively growing Ehrlich cells (133). In one study, although Hakkak et al. In 2000, 27% of U.S. consumers reported using soy products at least once per week, which is nearly double the 1998 figure (1), and soy foods sales are projected to be $6 billion in 2005, a nearly threefold increase from 1999 (2). Design, setting, and participants: The Supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and should be used with caution. Chen M, Rao Y, Zheng Y, et al. Giving soya to animals at the equivalent of middle age doesnt seem to reduce risk or growth rate of tumours, he says. (especially!) Postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) investigators. Furthermore, soy foods (211), concentrated soy protein powders (286) and isolated isoflavones (85) have all appeared to exert estrogen-like effects on other tissues in human subjects. concluded that soy exerts estrogenic effects on breast tissue. For example, in a small study in Spain, women with breast cancer (n = 121) who were undergoing HRT at time of diagnosis were found to have lower tumoral stages, a lower degree of affected axillary lymph node dissemination and a greater percentage of well-differentiated tumors than women (n = 121) who were not using HRT (261). 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